Glucoamylase-modified yeast strains and methods for bioproduct production

ABSTRACT

Genetically engineered yeast with a heterologous glucoamylase and fermentation methods are described. The engineered yeast can have multiple exogenous nucleic acid sequences which each have a different sequence, but that encode the same or a similar glucoamylase protein that is heterologous to the yeast. The engineered yeast exhibit desirable bioproduct production profiles during a fermentation process. A fermentation medium with a starch material can be fermented with the engineered yeast to provide high ethanol titers, low glycerol titers, or both.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application claims the benefit of commonly owned U.S. provisional application having Ser. No. 62/139,312, filed on Mar. 27, 2015, entitled Glucoamylase-Modified Yeast Strains and Methods for Bioproduct Production, which Application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The entire contents of the ASCII text file entitled “CAR0196P1_Sequence_Listing_ST25.txt,” created on Mar. 26, 2015, and having a size of 79 kilobytes is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The current invention relates to genetically modified yeast having multiple nucleic acids encoding a heterologous glucoamylase gene, fermentations methods for producing a bioproduct, such as ethanol, and also reduced glycerol production.

BACKGROUND

Ethanol production by fermentation is a well know industrial process. However increasing ethanol yields can be technically difficult. There are various factors that make it challenging for microorganisms to grow in fermentation conditions designed for increased ethanol production. For example, the fermentation media may have higher substrate concentrations to promote ethanol production, but these conditions can have a negative impact on cell growth. Also, increased ethanol concentration and accumulation of undesirable byproducts can also be detrimental to cell health. Yeast strains have been selected for tolerance to these conditions, which can result in improved ethanol yields. In particular, the ethanol tolerant strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been used in industrial settings as a workhorse microorganism for producing ethanol.

Molecular techniques have led to the identification of genes that are associated with ethanol tolerance. For example, Kajiwara (Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2000; 53:568-74.) reports that overexpression of the OLE1 gene which is involved in unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) synthesis resulted in higher unsaturated fatty acid levels in the cell and higher ethanol production. Other research has found that accumulation of trehalose by disruption of the trehalose-hydrolyzing enzyme, acid trehalase (ATH) (Kim et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1996; 62:1563-1569) or accumulation of proline L-proline by a strain carrying a PRO1 gamma-glutamyl kinase mutation (Takagi, et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2005; 71:8656-8662.) improves ethanol tolerance in yeast. Ergosterol is closely associated with ethanol tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Inoue, et al., Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2000; 64:229-236). While advancements have been made in this area, use of genetically modified strains that demonstrate ethanol tolerance may not alone be sufficient to provide desired levels of ethanol during a fermentation process.

In addition to the genetic profile of the fermentation microorganism, the components of the fermentation media can have a significant impact on ethanol production. In fermentation processes, a carbohydrate or carbohydrate mixture is present in the media. Starch is a widely available and inexpensive carbohydrate source. It is available from a wide variety of plant sources such as corn, wheat, rice, barley, and the like. Many organisms are not capable of metabolizing starch directly, or else metabolize it slowly and inefficiently.

Accordingly, it is common to treat starch before feeding it into the fermentation process, in order to break it down into monosaccharides that the organism can ferment easily. Usually, starch is hydrolyzed to form a mixture containing mainly glucose (i.e., dextrose). However, the pre-treatment of a starch composition in preparation for fermentation can be expensive and labor intensive as it commonly involves the addition of purified starch-degrading enzymes to the starch material and requires additional steps prior to carrying out fermentation. Further, complete hydrolysis to glucose adds significant cost, so most commercially available glucose products tend to contain a small amount of various oligomeric polysaccharides.

A significant portion of the cost to produce starch based ethanol is the enzymes that break down the starch into fermentable sugars. Various molecular techniques have been attempted in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to reduce or eliminate the need to add amylolytic enzymes to the fermentation media, but these approaches have yielded varying degrees of success. A potential limiting factor affecting the commercial viability of engineered strains is the ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to secrete large amounts of foreign protein.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to fermentation methods for producing a bioproduct including an engineered yeast having a heterologous glucoamylase. In one aspect, the current invention relates to engineered yeast strains expressing a heterologous glucoamylase, or two or more heterologous glucoamylases with high sequence identity to each other, wherein the one or more glucoamylase(s) is encoded by multiple exogenous nucleic acids which are different from each other. The engineered yeast strain expresses the heterologous glucoamylase and is able to produce high levels of a bioproduct, such as ethanol, in a fermentation product.

In one aspect, the invention provides an engineered yeast comprising at least first, second, third, and fourth exogenous nucleic acids. In some cases, each exogenous nucleic acid can includes a sequence encoding a common glucoamylase polypeptide that is heterologous to the yeast species, and the first, second, third, and fourth exogenous nucleic acids have nucleic acid sequences that are different from one another. In other cases, the first, second, third, and fourth exogenous nucleic acids have nucleic acid sequences that are different and encode two or more glucoamylase polypeptides heterologous to the yeast species and which have sequence identity to each other of greater than 90%. Optionally, the microorganism can include additional nucleic acids (fifth, sixth, etc.) that encode a common glucoamylase polypeptide or two or more glucoamylase polypeptides with high identity. In aspects, the engineered yeast is a species of Saccharomyces.

In exemplary aspects, the glucoamylase polypeptide is, or glucoamylase polypeptides are, at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:11, which in a glucoamylase of a strain of the yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuligera. In some aspects, the first, second, third, and fourth exogenous nucleic acids differ from each other by at least 10%, for example, by an amount in the range of 10% to 30%. In some aspects, the first, second, third, and fourth exogenous nucleic acids are unique codon-optimized sequences that code for a glucoamylase enzyme and provide efficient expression of the nucleic acids in the host cell.

In some aspects, the first and second nucleic acids are integrated into a first allele, and the third and fourth nucleic acids are integrated into a second allele, of a non-essential gene in the yeast, such as CYB2 in a Saccharomyces species. In some aspects, two more sets of the nucleic acid (e.g., the first and third, and/or the second and fourth nucleic acids) are under the control of a common promoter, such as a TDH3 or a PGK promoter.

In some aspects, the invention provides a method for producing a bioproduct, the method comprising fermenting a liquid media comprising a starch material and an engineered yeast comprising the at least first, second, third, and fourth exogenous nucleic acids. In some aspects, the bioproduct is ethanol, and the method of fermenting provides an ethanol concentration of about 90 g/L or greater in the liquid media, such as an amount in the range of about 90 g/L to about 170 g/L. In some aspects, the invention provides a fermentation media comprising the engineered microorganism having any of the genetic modifications as described herein.

In some aspects, the invention provides engineered yeast and methods for fermentation, wherein the cells produce less glycerol in a fermentation method than a parent strain. The engineered yeast can include one or more genetic modifications of the disclosure that results in the cell producing less glycerol than a parent strain that does not include the one or more genetic modification(s).

In some aspects, the method of producing a bioproduct also includes reducing the amount of glycerol produced in a fermentation method, wherein the method comprises culturing a microorganism having one or more genetic modifications of the disclosure that produces less glycerol than a parent strain that does not include the genetic modifications.

In some aspects, the invention provides a nucleic acid having 85% or greater sequence identity to any one of the following sequences: SEQ ID NO: 5-8. The invention also provides nucleic acids having a promoter, terminator, or both, operationally linked to the nucleic acid sequence, and as well as vectors comprising the nucleic acids.

The invention also provides a engineered microorganism that is a species of Saccharomyces comprising at least first, second, third, and fourth exogenous nucleic acids, that encode a glucoamylase polypeptide that is heterologous to the Saccharomyces species, wherein the glucoamylase polypeptide has a modified N-terminus that includes a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating factor alpha 2 (ScMFα2) secretion signal or a Saccharomyces cerevisiae repressible acid phosphatase (ScPHO5) secretion signal.

In another aspect, the invention provides a fermentation method for producing ethanol. In the method a fermentation medium that includes a partially hydrolyzed starch (such as partially hydrolyzed corn starch) and an engineered yeast is provided. Throughout the fermentation period, a liquid medium comprising hydrolyzed starch is added to the fermentation medium. The engineered yeast includes at least one genetic modification providing a heterologous glucoamylase that is secreted into the medium, the at least one genetic modification being stable over the fermentation period. The fermentation period is for a period of time of five days or greater. In the fermentation method the heterologous glucoamylase facilitates the production of ethanol to a concentration of 130 g/L or greater in the fermentation medium.

In another aspect, the invention provides methods and compositions that can be used to prepare feed compositions. The feed compositions which fermentation medium co-products obtained from a fermentation medium include the engineered yeast of the disclosure. For example, after a fermentation process has been completed, some or all of a bioproduct can be removed from the fermentation medium to provide a refined composition comprising non-bioproduct solids. The non-bioproduct solids can include the engineered yeast, feedstock material in the medium that is not utilized by the yeast, as well as fermentation by-products. The refined composition can be used to form a feed composition, such as a livestock feed composition. The refined composition comprising non-bioproduct solids can provide carbohydrate and protein supplements to improve the nutritional content of a feed composition.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an engineered CYB2 loci showing arrangement of four unique codon optimized nucleic acids sequences encoding Sf GA and marker genes (Strain 1-5).

FIG. 2 is graph showing ethanol production from an ethanol tolerant strain having four unique codon optimized nucleic acids sequences encoding Sf GA, as compared to a (non-engineered) parent strain with and without commercial glucoamylase added to the fermentation media.

FIG. 3 is graph showing ethanol production of the ethanol tolerant strain having four unique codon optimized nucleic acids sequences encoding Sf GA, as compared to a strain with the same Sf GA sequences, but with URA3 restored at the native locus.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The aspects of the present invention described below are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed in the following detailed description. Rather a purpose of the aspects chosen and described is so that the appreciation and understanding by others skilled in the art of the principles and practices of the present invention can be facilitated.

Aspects of the invention relate to engineered yeast strains expressing a heterologous glucoamylase, or two or more heterologous glucoamylases, wherein the glucoamylase is encoded by multiple exogenous nucleic acids which are different from each other. The engineered yeast strain is able to produce high levels of a bioproduct, such as ethanol, in a fermentation process. Further, the engineered yeast strain is able to produce lower levels of glycerol in a fermentation process.

The glucoamylase enzyme can be secreted from the cell to a fermentation media where the enzyme can have amylolytic activity on glucose polymers present in the fermentation media. In turn, the enzyme can cause degradation of the glucose polymers to glucose, which can enter the cell and be used as a carbon source for the production of a target compound, such as ethanol.

Nucleic acids that are templates for the expression of these enzymes are also aspects of the invention, as well as constructs including these nucleic acids.

The term “exogenous” as used herein, means that a molecule, such as a nucleic acid, or an activity, such as an enzyme activity, is introduced into the host organism. An exogenous nucleic acid can be introduced in to the host organism by well-known techniques and can be maintained external to the hosts chromosomal material (e.g., maintained on a non-integrating vector), or can be integrated into the host's chromosome, such as by a recombination event. An exogenous nucleic acid can encode an enzyme, or portion thereof, that is either homologous or heterologous to the host organism.

The term “heterologous” (e.g., “non-native”) refers to a molecule or activity that is from a source that is different than the referenced molecule or organism. Accordingly, a gene or protein that is heterologous to a referenced organism is a gene or protein not found in that organism. In the context of the disclosure, a “heterologous glucoamylase” refers to a glucoamylase polypeptide that is different from a glucoamylase polypeptide native to the host organism. For example, a specific glucoamylase gene found in a first fungal species and exogenously introduced into a second fungal species that is the host organism is “heterologous” to the second fungal organism.

Glucoamylases (E.C. 3.2.1.3) are amylolytic enzymes that hydrolyze 1,4-linked α-D-glucosyl residues successively from the nonreducing end of oligo- and polysaccharide chains with the release of D-glucose. Glucoamylases can also cleave α-1,6 bonds on amylopectin branching points. As used herein, the term “amylolytic activity” with reference to the heterologous glucoamylase pertains to these enzymatic mechanisms. A glucoamylase polypeptide can be a variant of a naturally occurring glucoamylase, or a portion of a naturally occurring glucoamylase (such as a glucoamylase that is truncated at its N-terminus, its C-terminus, or both), with the glucoamylase polypeptide retaining amylolytic activity.

Alternative names for glucoamylases include amyloglucosidase; γ-amylase; lysosomal α-glucosidase; acid maltase; exo-1,4-α-glucosidase; glucose amylase; γ-1,4-glucan glucohydrolase; acid maltase; 1,4-α-D-glucan glucohydrolase.

Most glucoamylases are multidomain enzymes. Many glucoamylases include a starch-binding domain connected to a catalytic domain via an O-glycosylated linker region. The starch-binding domain may fold as an antiparallel beta-barrel and may have two binding sites for starch or beta-cyclodextrin. However, some glucoamylases do not include a starch binding domain (e.g., see Hostinova et al., Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 411:189-195, 2003), or include a non-canonical starch binding domain. For example, the Rhizopus oryzae glucoamylase possesses an N-terminal raw starch binding domain, and the Saccharomycopsis fibuligera IFO 0111 glucoamylase lacks a clear starch binding domain (Hostinova et al., supra).

Glucoamylases may also have a catalytic domain having a configuration of a twisted (alpha/alpha)(6)-barrel with a central funnel-shaped active site. Glucoamylases may have a structurally conserved catalytic domain of approximately 450 residues. In some glucoamylases the catalytic domain is generally followed by a linker region consisting of between 30 and 80 residues that are connected to a starch binding domain of approximately 100 residues.

Glucoamylase properties may be correlated with their structural features. A structure-based multisequence alignment was constructed using information from catalytic and starch-binding domain models (see, e.g., Coutinho, P. M., and Reilly, P. J., 1994. Protein Eng. 7:393-400 and 749-760). It has been shown that the catalytic and starch binding domains are functionally independent based on structure-function relationship studies, and there are structural similarities in microbial glucoamylases. From other studies, specific glucoamylase residues have been shown to be involved in directing protein conformational changes, substrate binding, thermal stability, and catalytic activity (see, for example, Sierks, M. R., et al. 1993. Protein Eng. 6:75-79; and Sierks, M. R., and Svensson, B. 1993. Biochemistry 32:1113-1117). Therefore, the correlation between glucoamylase sequence and protein function is understood in the art, and one of skill could design and express variants of amylolytically active glucoamylases having one or more amino acid deletion(s), substitution(s), and/or additions.

In a preferred aspect of the disclosure the host Saccharomyces has at least first, second, third, and fourth exogenous nucleic acids (and which are different from one another) each including a sequence encoding at least one glucoamylase polypeptide that has at least 90% identity to the Glm glucoamylase from the yeast strain Saccharomycopsis fibuligera IFO 0111. Hostinova et al. (Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 411:189-195, 2003) describes the nucleotide sequence of the glucoamylase gene Glm in the yeast strain Saccharomycopsis fibuligera IFO 0111 (i.e., a “Sf GA” polypeptide). According to Hostinova et al., the Saccharomycopsis fibuligera Glm gene is transcribed into a 1.7 kb RNA transcript that codes for a 515 amino acid protein, and is represented by SEQ ID NO:11. In the 515 amino acid-long polypeptide chain 26 N-terminal amino acid residues constitute the signal peptide and subsequent 489 amino acid residues constitute the mature protein. Mature Glm, which lacks the signal sequence and is 489 amino acids long, has a predicted molecular weight of 54,590 Da in deglycosylated form. In an alignment with other glucoamylases, Glm was shown to have homology in the catalytic domain (e.g., see the glutamic acids at positions 239 and 493 of SEQ ID NO:1).

Itoh et al. (J. Bacteriol. 169:4171-4176) describes the nucleotide sequence of another glucoamylase gene, GLU1, in the yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuligera. The Saccharomycopsis fibuligera GLU1 gene is transcribed into a 2.1 kb RNA transcript that codes for a 519 amino acid protein and has a molecular weight of 57,000 Da. GLU1 has four potential glycosylation sites (for asparagine-linked glycosides having a molecular weight of 2000 Da). GLU1 has four potential glycosylation sites (for asparagine-linked glycosides having a molecular weight of 2000 Da). GLU1 has a natural signal sequence for secretion that is cleaved off, likely during export of the protein. The cleaved site is preceded by the basic amino acids Lys-Arg, thought to be a proteolytic processing signal to yield mature protein.

Itoh et al. (supra) also describes alignment of amino acid sequences of glucoamylases from yeast and fungi. Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, A. niger, Rhizopus oryzae, and Saccharomyces diastaticus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were aligned showing five highly homologous segments (S1-S5). These parts of the respective conserved segments were shown to be conformationally similar to each other. The S5 segment, generally located at the carboxy termini, appears to be nonessential to amylolytic activities, since glucoamylases from Saccharomyces species lack this region.

In this regard, the invention also contemplates variants and portions of Sf GA having glucoamylase activity. Tables 1 and 2 presents a list of various fungal and bacterial glucoamylase genes, including the amino acid location of the native signal sequence, and in some sequences, the propeptide, of the glucoamylase polypeptide.

TABLE 1 Fungal Glucoamylases Signal Pro- Name Accession Organism peptide peptide Chain GAMP Q03045 Amorphotheca resinae 1-29 30-616 (AMYG_AMORE) (Creosote fungus) (Hormoconis resinae) GLAA P69328 Aspergillus niger 1-18 19-24 25-640 (AMYG_ASPNG) STA1 P04065 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1-21 22-767 (AMYH_YEASX) STA2 (AMYI_YEASX) P29760 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1-21 22-768 GLAA P69327 Aspergillus awamori 1-18 19-24 25-640 (AMYG_ASPAW) (Black koji mold) glaA P36914 Aspergillus oryzae 1-19 20-25 26-612 (AMYG_ASPOR) (strain ATCC 42149/RIB 40) (Yellow koji mold) GAA P42042 Blastobotrys adeninivorans 1-18 19-624 (AMYG_BLAAD) (Yeast) (Arxula adeninivorans) GAM1 P22861 Schwanniomyces occidentalis (Yeast) 1-22 23-958 (AMYG_SCHOC) (Debaryomyces occidentalis) gaI P23176 Aspergillus 1-18 19-24 25-639 (AMYG_ASPKA) kawachii (White koji mold) (Aspergillus awamori var. kawachi) glaA P22832 Aspergillus shirousami 1-18 19-24 25-639 (AMYG_ASPSH) GAM1 O74254 Candida albicans 1-20 21-946 (AMYG_CANAL) (strain SC5314/ ATCC MYA-2876) AMYG_RHIOR P07683 Rhizopus oryzae 1-25 26-604 (Mucormycosis agent) (Rhizopus arrhizus var. delemar) meu17 O60087 Schizosaccharomyces pombe (strain 1-16 17-28 29-450 (mAMYG_SCHPO) 972/ATCC 24843) (Fission yeast) I2K2N7 Brettanomyces bruxellensis 1-21 22-575 AWRI1499 SGA1 A0A0H5C3I6 Cyberlindnera jadinii 1-16 17-577 (Torula yeast) (Pichia jadinii) GLA1 P26989 Saccharomycopsis fibuligera 1-27 28-519 (AMYH_SACFI) (Hostinova et al. 2001) GLU1 P08017.1 Saccharomycopsis fibuligera 1-27 28-519 AMYG_SACFI (Itoh et al. 1987) Glm CAC83969 Saccharomycopsis fibuligera 1-26 27-515 SEQ ID NO: 11 IFO 0111 (Hostinova et al. 2003)

TABLE 2 Bacterial Glucoamylases Signal Pro- Amylase gene Accession Organism peptide peptide Chain SusB G8JZS4 Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron 1-21 22-738 (SUSB_BACTN) (strain ATCC 29148/DSM 2079/NCTC 10582/E50/VPI- 5482) cga P29761 Clostridium sp. 1-21 22-702 (AMYG_CLOS0) (strain G0005)

Any polypeptide sequence(s) of a functional glucoamylase can be expressed by the four or more different glucoamylase nucleic acid sequences. In some aspects, the glucoamylase nucleic acid sequences can encode for one or more native (“wild type”) sequence(s) of a glucoamylase polypeptide (i.e., the glucoamylase polypeptide sequence(s) do not differ from the native sequence at any amino acid position). In other aspects, the sequence of the glucoamylase polypeptide differs from the native sequence at one or more amino acid position(s) (e.g., a “variant” of a native glucoamylase polypeptide). The difference can be, for example, (a) the removal of one or more amino acids from the wild type sequence, (b) the addition of one or more amino acids to the wild type sequence, (c) the substitution of the wild type sequence, a combination of (a) and (c), or a combination of (b) and (c).

In some aspects, the glucoamylase nucleic acids introduced into the Saccharomyces species encode one (i.e., a common glucoamylase), or more than one, glucoamylase polypeptide that has about 90% or greater sequence identify to SEQ ID NO:11 (Glm glucoamylase from Saccharomycopsis fibuligera IFO 0111). In more specific aspects, the glucoamylase nucleic acids introduced into the Saccharomyces species encode one, or more than one, glucoamylase polypeptide that has 95% or greater, 96% or greater, 97% or greater, 98% or greater, or 99% or greater sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:11. The difference in identity with SEQ ID NO:11 can be due to one or more amino acid substitutions in one or more region(s) of the polypeptide, for example, in regions outside of those understood to be important for enzyme activity and/or outside of conserved regions based on alignment with one or more other glucoamylase(s).

For example, with reference to SEQ ID NO:11, in one aspect the one or more substitutions are at any of the following locations, which represent amino acid positions having a lower degree of identity between SEQ ID NO:11 and other glucoamylases. For example, an alignment of SEQ ID NO:11 with other glucoamylases is illustrated in a primary structure alignment provided in Hostinova and Gasperik (Biologia 65:559-568; 2010). The substitution locations according to SEQ ID NO:11 are: 1M-5T, 7F, 9T, 10A, 15V, 16A, 18C, 19V, 21V, 22E, 24D, 27N-30H, 32Q, 36G, 38T, 40A, 42S-50E, 52P, 53A, 56W, 64D, 71K-74K, 77V, 79V, 86E, 90F, 97T, 103S-106A, 108V, 111H, 112S, 114S, 121V, 127S-129T, 131T, 135V, 141N, 144S, 145P, 148D, 157V, 159D, 160T, 164A, 165S, 187A, 189A-191H, 193N, 197L, 199A-203G, 205P, 206Y, 209A, 210S, 214W, 215K, 222Q, 223H, 225S-227H, 229S-231S, 242T, 247A, 251L, 255S, 257G-2615, 263T-265N, 267P, 268P, 270T-272W, 274E-270A, 281N, 284I-286S, 292S-295K, 300S, 302Q, 304S, 307G, 316A, 317A, 319I, 325D-329Y, 333N, 337S, 341N, 343L, 345Y, 348V, 352N, 355K, 356I, 358G, 359N, 361K, 366V, 377V, 379T, 386Q, 393, G, 395T, 396F, 398T, 402N-411V, 413E, 415L, 419L, 420Y, 422S, 423F, 425A, 429K, 431D, 433S, 435A, 437K, 440L, 442L-444Y, 448N-451N, 453I-455S, 457L, 458Q, 465K, 467L, 472D, 474N, 476Q, 478T, 480E, 481I, 487F-489A, 492V, 500S, 503S, 505N, 507A, 511L-513E, and 515L.

If the glucoamylase polypeptide sequence differs from the wild type sequence the glucoamylase polypeptide can include, for example, up to about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 amino acid substitutions at any of the low identity locations as listed with reference to SEQ ID NO:11. In some cases, the substitution can be a conservative substitution, such as where one amino acid of a particular type (e.g., polar, non-polar/aliphatic, positively charged/basic, negatively charged/acidic) is replaced with an amino acid of the same type.

If the four (or more) exogenous nucleic acid sequences encode two or more glucoamylase polypeptides that are different from one another, then the two or more glucoamylase polypeptides can also have substitutions, such as described herein, and about 90% or greater sequence identify to SEQ ID NO:11. That is, the exogenous nucleic acid sequences, which have different sequences, can encode glucoamylases that also have distinct sequences but that are close enough in identity to function similarly, having glucoamylase activity.

In other aspects, the glucoamylase sequence optionally comprises additional sequence that is not present in the native glucoamylase polypeptide. The additional sequence can provide functionality to the glucoamylase that is not present in the native polypeptide. Additional functionalities include, for example, protease sites or binding sites for other proteins or materials.

An example of an additional sequence that may not be present in the native glucoamylase polypeptide, but that can be added, is a tag sequence. A tag sequence can be located at the C-terminus of the glucoamylase sequence, and such proteins can be annotated as follows: [GA]-[T], wherein “T” denotes one or more amino acids that provide the tag sequence. Exemplary peptide tags include up to 5, 10, 15, or 20 amino acids. The peptide tag can be useful for any one or more of a variety of purposes. For example, the tag can allow purification of the enzyme from the media by the ability of a tag-binding member to specifically interact with the tag. The tag can also allow detection or identification of the protein using a tag-binding member with a detectable label. Exemplary short peptide tags are poly-Arg, FLAG, poly-His, c-myc, S, and Strep II.

Glucoamylase polypeptides of the disclosure can also have deletions to one or more regions of the native glucoamylase polypeptide, wherein the deletions do not affect the polypeptides' amylolytic activity. The deletions can be based on known information regarding the structure and function of native glucoamylases, including mutational studies and sequence alignments (e.g., see Coutinho, supra, and Sierks, supra.). In some aspects the glucoamylase polypeptide has up to 1%, up to 2%, up to 4%, up to 6%, up to 8%, up to 10%, up to 12%, up to 14%, up to 16%, up to 18%, up to 20%, or up to 25% of its amino acid sequence deleted. For example, in some aspects, the glucoamylase polypeptide can have a deletion of a portion of the C-terminus corresponding to the native glucoamylase polypeptide.

Truncated forms of glucoamylase have been generated and have been shown to have enzymatic activity. For example Evans et al. (Gene, 91:131; 1990) generated a series of truncated forms of glucoamylase to investigate how much of the O-glycosylated region was necessary for the activity or stability of GAII, a fully active form of the enzyme lacking the raw starch-binding domain. It was found that a significant portion of the C-terminus could be deleted from GAII with insignificant effect on activity, thermal stability, or secretion of the enzyme.

Various amino acids substitutions associated with causing a change in glucoamylase activity are also known in the art. Substitution(s) of amino acid(s) at various locations in the glucoamylase sequence have been shown to affect properties such as thermostability, starch hydrolysis activity, substrate usage, and protease resistance. As such, the current disclosure contemplates a host cell having multiple unique exogenous nucleic acids, each expressing a glucoamylase sequence that includes one or more amino acid(s) substitution(s) in the glucoamylase portion of the polypeptide, wherein the substitutions differ from the wild type sequence of the glucoamylase.

For example, U.S. Pat. No. 8,809,023 describes a method for reducing the ratio between isomaltose synthesis and starch hydrolysis activity (IS/SH ratio) during the hydrolysis of starch. In particular a Trichoderma reesei glucoamylase (Tr GA) is described (total length of 632 amino acids having an N-terminal having a signal peptide) that is modified at with amino acid positions as follows: D44R and A539R; or D44R, N61I, and A539R. This glucoamylase variant is reported to exhibit a reduced IS/SH ratio compared to said parent glucoamylase during the hydrolysis of starch. As an example, the current disclosure contemplates amino acid substitutions corresponding to the D44R and A539R; or D44R, N61I and A539R substitutions of the modified Tr GA. In a broader sense, the disclosure provides a host cell having multiple unique exogenous nucleic acids, each expressing a glucoamylase variant having amino acid substitutions: D44R and A539R; or D44R, N61I and A539R, the positions corresponding to the respective position in the TrGA sequence, wherein said glucoamylase variant has at least 90% amino acid sequence identity to the entire length of the TrGA sequence. The corresponding “respective position” of a template glucoamylase sequence to the TrGA sequence can be understood by a sequence alignment of, for example, known glucoamylase polypeptide sequences (the template for construction of a glucoamylase gene), to the TrGA sequence.

As another example, U.S. Pat. No. 8,592,194 describes glucoamylase variants with increased thermo stability compared to wild type glucoamylase variants. Also described in this disclosure is the Trichoderma reesei glucoamylase but instead one or more amino acid substitutions to the native Tr GA sequence at positions 10, 14, 15, 23, 42, 45, 46, 59, 60, 61, 67, 68, 72, 73, 97, 98, 99, 102, 108, 110, 113, 114, 122, 124, 125, 133, 140, 144, 145, 147, 152, 153, 164, 175, 182, 204, 205, 214, 216, 219, 228, 229, 230, 231, 236, 239, 240, 241, 242, 244, 263, 264, 265, 268, 269, 276, 284, 291, 300, 301, 303, 310, 311, 313, 316, 338, 342, 344, 346, 349, 359, 361, 364, 379, 382, 390, 391, 393, 394, 408, 410, 415, 417, and 418. As an example, the current disclosure contemplates a Sf GA sequence that further has any one or more of the amino acid substitutions that are demonstrated to provide increased thermostability. In a broader sense, the disclosure provide a host cell having multiple unique exogenous nucleic acids, each expressing having with a glucoamylase variant having amino acid substitutions providing increased thermo stability, the positions corresponding to the respective position in the Tr GA sequence.

The determination of “corresponding” amino acids from two or more glucoamylases can be determined by alignments of all or portions of their amino acid sequences. Sequence alignment and generation of sequence identity include global alignments and local alignments, which typically use computational approaches. In order to provide global alignment, global optimization forcing sequence alignment spanning the entire length of all query sequences is used. By comparison, in local alignment, shorter regions of similarity within long sequences are identified.

As used herein, an “equivalent position” means a position that is common to the two sequences (e.g., a Sf GA sequence and a GA sequence having the desired substitution(s)) that is based on an alignment of the amino acid sequences of one glucoamylase or as alignment of the three-dimensional structures. Thus either sequence alignment or structural alignment, or both, may be used to determine equivalence.

In some modes of practice, the BLAST algorithm is used to compare and determine sequence similarity or identity. In addition, the presence or significance of gaps in the sequence which can be assigned a weight or score can be determined. These algorithms can also be used for determining nucleotide sequence similarity or identity. Parameters for to determine relatedness are computed based on art known methods for calculating statistical similarity and the significance of the match determined. Gene products that are related are expected to have a high similarity, such as greater than 50% sequence identity. Exemplary parameters for determining relatedness of two or more sequences using the BLAST algorithm can be as follows.

In some modes of practice, an alignment is performed using BLAST (National Center for Biological Information (NCBI) Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) version 2.2.29 software with default parameters. A sequence having an identity score of XX % (for example, 80%) with regard to a reference sequence using the BLAST version 2.2.29 algorithm with default parameters is considered to be at least XX % identical or, equivalently, have XX % sequence identity to the reference sequence. A global alignment can be used to align sequences with significant identity to, for example, the S. fibuligera Glm glucoamylase (SEQ ID NO:11) in order to determine which corresponding amino acid position(s) in the target sequence (e.g., a glucoamylase ortholog) can be substituted with the one or more of the amino acid if a glucoamylase variant is used.

As noted herein and in Tables 1 and 2, glucoamylases enzymes from various fungal and bacterial species also generally include a native “signal sequence.” Various other terms may be used to indicate a “signal sequence” as known in the art, such as where the word “signal” is replaced with “secretion” or “targeting” or “localization” or “transit” or leader,” and the word “sequence” is replaced with “peptide” or “signal.” Generally, a signal sequence is a short amino acid stretch (typically in the range of 5-30 amino acids in length) that is located at the amino terminus of a newly synthesized protein. Most signal peptides include a basic N-terminal region (n-region), a central hydrophobic region (h-region) and a polar C-terminal region (c-region) (e.g., see von Heijne, G. (1986) Nucleic Acids Res. 14, 4683-4690). A signal sequence can target the protein to a certain part of the cell, or can target the protein for secretion from the cell. For example, it has been shown that the native N-terminal signal sequence of the S. diastaticus Glucoamylase STAI gene can target it to the endoplasmic reticulum of the secretory apparatus (for example, see Yamashita, I. et al., (1985) J. Bacteriol. 161, 567-573).

In some aspects, the exogenous nucleic acids introduced into the host cell encode a heterologous glucoamylase enzyme with a Sc MFα2 or a Sc PHO5 secretion signal. In such aspects, the enzymes can be referred to as “fusion proteins” as they include portions from two different polypeptides, and can be annotated as follows: [Sc MFα2-SS]-[GA] and [Sc PHO5-SS]-[GA].

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating factor alpha 2 (Sc MFα2) secretion signal is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,546,082 (Kurjan et al.). The Sc MFα2 SS sequence is as follows: MKFISTFLTFILAAVSVTA (SEQ ID NO: 12). The Sc MFα2 sequence is from the gene YGL089C (YGL089C), whereas MFα1 is coded by the gene YPL187W MFα1 and MFα2 are pheromones secreted by MATa cells. In some aspects, the disclosure provides a host cell having multiple exogenous nucleic acids of different sequences, each exogenous nucleic acid encoding a glucoamylase fusion protein comprising a secretion signal sequence that has 90% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO: 12.

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae repressible acid phosphatase (Sc PHO5) secretion signal is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,521,086 (Scott et al.) and Meyhack et al. (EMBO J. 6:675-680, 1982) and has an amino acid sequence as follows: MFKSVVYSILAASLANA (SEQ ID NO. 13). The Sc PHO5 sequence is from PHO5 which is a structural gene that encodes a S. cerevisiae acid phosphatase, which is regulated by the concentration or inorganic phosphate (P_(i)) in the medium.

In some aspects, the disclosure provides a host cell having multiple exogenous nucleic acids of different sequences, each exogenous nucleic acid encoding a glucoamylase fusion protein comprises a secretion signal sequence that has 90% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO. 13. For example, one amino acid of SEQ ID NO. 13 can be substituted with an amino acid, such as a conservative amino acid.

Molecular techniques can be performed to create a nucleic acid sequence that is a template for the expression of a Sc MFα2 SS or a Sc PHO5 SS-glucoamylase gene (if the glucoamylase protein/nucleotide sequences are known in the art). Unique nucleic acids (four or more) can be prepared to encode a protein comprising the Sc PHO5 SS- or Sc MFα2 SS sequence and a glucoamylase sequence. That is, these nucleic acid sequences are different from one another, but still code for the same Sc PHO5 SS- or Sc MFα2 SS-glucoamylase polypeptide, the differences, for example, being based on the degeneracy of codons in the coding region of nucleic acid sequences.

For example, in one aspect the native sequence of the glucoamylase can be altered at its N-terminus prior to adding the Sc MFα2 SS or the Sc PHO5 SS sequence. In some aspects, all or a portion of the native glucoamylase signal sequence is removed prior to attaching the Sc MFα2 SS or the Sc PHO5 SS sequence. For example, a portion of a native leader sequence of the glucoamylase can be altered by deletion of one or more, but not all, amino acids of the native secretion signal (e.g., deletion of up to 50%, 60%, 70%, 80, 90%, or 95% of the native leader sequence). Such deletion of a portion of the native leader sequence may cause the native glucoamylase leader to lose its native functionality, which is replaced with the functionality provided by the Sc MFα2 or Sc PHO5 secretion signal. In other aspects, all of the native secretion signal can be removed from the glucoamylase polypeptide and replaced with the Sc MFα2 SS or the Sc PHO5 SS sequence.

For example, and with reference to Table 1, in preparing a fusion protein construct, the first 18 amino acids of the S. fibuligera IFO 0111 glucoamylase (Glm), which corresponds to the predicted leader sequence using the CBS prediction server (i.e., amino acids 1-18 of SEQ ID NO:11), is removed. Therefore, a portion of the S. fibuligera glucoamylase native secretion signal is replaced with the Sc MFα2 SS sequence (SEQ ID NO:12; 19 amino acids) or with the Sc PHO5 SS sequence (SEQ ID NO:13; 17 amino acids) which can then be attached directly or indirectly to the remaining portion of the S. fibuligera glucoamylase polypeptide (e.g., amino acids 19-515 of SEQ ID NO:11). This provides a Sc MFα2 SS-Sf GA of 516 amino acids (SEQ ID NO:14) or a Sc PHO5 SS-Sf GA of 514 amino acids (SEQ ID NO:15). After the desired amino acid sequence is known, unique nucleic acid sequences coding for the polypeptide can be prepared.

An additional sequence that may not be present in the native glucoamylase polypeptide, or either the Sc PHO5 SS- or Sc MFα2 SS sequences, can be added as a linker or spacer sequence. A linker sequence can be located between the Sc PHO5 SS- or Sc MFα2 SS sequence and the glucoamylase sequence. Such fusion polypeptides can be annotated as follows: [Sc MFα2-SS]-[L]-[GA] and [Sc PHO5-SS]-[L]-[GA], wherein “L” denotes one or more amino acids that link the signal sequence to the glucoamylase. Exemplary linkers include up to 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40 amino acids. A linker can include amino acids that cause the linker to be rigid and prevent interactions between the secretion signal and other portions of the glucoamylase. Rigid linkers may include residues such as Pro, Arg, Phe, Thr, Glu, and Gln. Alternatively, the fusion polypeptide can include a flexible linker. Flexible linkers can include glycine residues and connect the signal sequence to the glucoamylase portion of the fusion protein without interfering with their respective functions. In some aspects the polypeptide includes a linker having a protease cleavage sequence. Exemplary protease cleavage sequences include those for thrombin, factor Xa, rhinovirus 3C, TEV protease, Ssp DnaB, intein, Sce VMA1 intein, enterokinase, and KEX2 (see, for example, Waugh, D. S., Protein Expr Purif. 80(2): 283-293, 2011; Zhou et al., Microbial Cell Factories 13:44, 2014; and Bourbonnais et al., J. Bio. Chem. 263(30):15342, 1988)

Exogenous nucleic acids that are templates for a common glucoamylase polypeptide can be introduced into a host cell. At least four nucleic acids, each having a different nucleic acid sequence but that encode the same glucoamylase polypeptide, are provided and introduced into a host cell for expression. In other words, none of the exogenous glucoamylase genes have the same nucleic acid sequence even though they may, in some aspects, code for the same polypeptide. In other aspects, at least four polypeptides, each having a different nucleic acid sequence and that encode two or more glucoamylase polypeptides, preferably ones that have a high degree of identity to each other (e.g., at least 90%, and preferably more than 95%).

The difference in nucleic acid sequences can be based at least on degeneracy of the amino acid code. That is, the difference in nucleic acid sequences between the versions of the glucoamylase genes are a result of changes in the second and/or third nucleotide in at least one codon triplet in the glucoamylase sequence. Preferably, the differences in the nucleic acid sequences are based on differences in multiple codons in the sequences.

The differences is nucleic acid sequences can be expressed as the percent difference in the number of nucleic acids between two different glucoamylase nucleic acid sequences, or can be expressed as the percent difference between the number of codons that are different between two different glucoamylase nucleic acid sequences. For example, if there is a 175 nucleotide difference between two specific glucoamylase nucleotide sequences, GA₁ and GA₂, each having 1545 nucleotides and encoding a common GA polypeptide, the percent nucleotide sequence difference would be approximately 11.3% (or conversely, the percent identity would be 88.7%). In some aspects, the first, second, third, and fourth exogenous nucleic acids differ from each other by at least 10%.

When each pairing provides a different sequence difference, the differences can be expressed as a range. For example, the range can be approximately an amount of the smallest difference to an amount of the largest difference. Therefore, in some aspects the first, second, third, and fourth exogenous nucleic acids can differ from each other by an amount in the range about 10% to about 30%, about 15% to about 30%, about 17% to about 27%, about 18% to about 25%, or about 19% to about 23%.

The following Table 3 is an example of the percentage of sequence differences for four glucoamylase-coding exogenous nucleic acids, GA₁-GA₄. The table details the percent difference in nucleotides between every possible pairing of nucleic acids. In some aspects, the percent difference is different for every nucleic acid pairing, and in other aspects the percent difference is the same for two or more nucleic acid pairings.

TABLE 3 Exemplary Sequence Differences GA₁ GA₂ GA₃ GA₄ GA₁ 0 22 19 20 GA₂ 22 0 22 22 GA₃ 19 22 0 23 GA₄ 20 22 23 0

Alternatively, the relationship between the first, second, third, and fourth exogenous nucleic acids can be explained as percent identity. Percent identity is 1−% sequence difference, e.g., 1−0.22=78% sequence identity.

In yet other ways, the relationship between the first, second, third, and fourth exogenous nucleic acids can be explained as percent difference of percent identity between codons. For example, if there is a 100 codon difference (e.g., resulting from a change of 175 nucleotides between two specific glucoamylase nucleotide sequences, GA₁ and GA₂, each having 1545 nucleotides and encoding a common GA polypeptide, the percent codon difference would approximately be 6.5% (or conversely, the percent identity would be 93.5%).

Nucleic acids sequences encoding the glucoamylase polypeptide, as well as any regulatory sequence (e.g., terminator, promoter, etc.) and vector sequence (e.g., including a selection marker, integration marker, replication sequence, etc.) can, in some modes of practice, be prepared using known molecular techniques. General guidance for methods for preparing DNA constructs can be found in Sambrook et al Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989; and Ausubel et al. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York, N.Y., 1993.

Small amounts of glucoamylase template DNA can be used as starting material in PCR, to generate relatively large quantities of a specific DNA fragment that includes the glucoamylase gene, optionally with any additional desired sequences.

PCR techniques can be used for amplifying or modifying a native glucoamylase nucleic acid sequence to add optional heterologous sequences, such a Sc MFα2 SS or the Sc PHO5 SS sequences, or to introduce one or more mutations in the glucoamylase nucleic acid sequence to provide a variant. PCR techniques are described in, for example, Higuchi, (1990) in PCR Protocols, pp. 177-183, Academic Press; Ito et al. (1991) Gene 102:67-70; Bernhard et al. (1994) Bioconjugate Chem. 5:126-132; and Vallette et al. (1989) Nuc. Acids Res. 17:723-733. The techniques may optionally include site-directed (or oligonucleotide-mediated) mutagenesis, PCR mutagenesis, and cassette mutagenesis of an earlier prepared DNA encoding a glucoamylase polypeptide.

Alternatively, nucleic acid molecules can be generated by custom gene synthesis providers such as DNA2.0 (Menlo Park, Calif.) or GeneArt (Life Technologies, Thermo Fisher Scientific).

An expression vector can be constructed to include one or more glucoamylase nucleic acid sequence(s) operably linked to expression control sequences functional in the host organism. The vectors can include selection sequences or markers operable for stable integration into a host chromosome. Additionally, the vectors can include one or more selectable marker genes and appropriate expression control sequences. Selectable marker genes also can be included that, for example, provide resistance to antibiotics or toxins, complement auxotrophic deficiencies, or supply critical nutrients not in the culture media. Expression control sequences can include constitutive and inducible promoters, transcription enhancers, transcription terminators, and the like which are well known in the art.

In some aspects, the nucleic acid can be codon optimized. Nucleic acid templates used for the glucoamylase coding region can be the native DNA sequence that codes for the glucoamylase, or the template can be a codon-optimized version that is optimized for expression in a desired host cell. In some aspects, the glucoamylase sequences are codon-optimized for the expression in a Saccharomyces species, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Databases that provide information on desired codon uses in particular host organisms are known in the art.

In some aspects, the glucoamylase coding regions are codon-optimized for the expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and have the following sequences: SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, and SEQ ID NO:8.

According to one aspect of the disclosure, a DNA construct comprising a-glucoamylase is operably linked to a promoter sequence, wherein the promoter sequence is functional in a host cell of choice. In some aspects, the promoter shows transcriptional activity in a fungal host cell and may be derived from genes encoding proteins either homologous or heterologous to the host cell. In some aspects the promoter is useful for expression in S. cerevisiae. Examples of well-known constitutive promoters include, but are not limited to the cytochrome c promoter (pCYC), translational elongation factor promoter (pTEF), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter (pGPD) (also referred to as the TDH3 [triose phosphate dehydrogenase] promoter), phosphoglycerate kinase promoter (PGK), and alcohol dehydrogenase promoter (pADH1). Optionally, an additional factor that controls expression such as an enhancer or the like may also be included on the vector.

In some aspects a particular promoter species (promoter₁) provides expression control for two or more glucoamylase nucleic acid sequences. For example, organisms of the disclosure can include two DNA constructs, one construct having a glucoamylase gene under the control a first promoter (e.g., -[promoter_(a)]-[GA₁]-) and another construct having another glucoamylase gene also under the control a first promoter (e.g., -[promoter_(a)]-[GA₃]-), wherein GA₁ and GA₃ encode a common glucoamylase, but have different nucleic acid sequences. In some aspects, the promoter for GA₁ and GA₃ is selected from the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (TDH3) promoter and a phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) promoter. In some aspects, one of the DNA constructs (-[promoter_(a)]-[GA₁]-) is integrated at one allele (geneX₁) in the organisms genome, and the other construct (-[promoter_(a)]-[GA₃]-) is integrated at the corresponding allele (geneX₂) in the organisms genome.

In some aspects a particular promoter species (promoter₁) provides expression control for two or more glucoamylase nucleic acid sequences, and another particular promoter species (promoter₂) provides expression control for another two or more glucoamylase nucleic acid sequences. For example, organisms of the disclosure can include four DNA constructs, one construct having a glucoamylase gene under the control a first promoter (e.g., -[promoter_(a)]-[GA₁]-, another construct having another glucoamylase gene also under the control a first promoter (e.g., -[promoter_(a)]-[GA₃]-), another construct having a glucoamylase gene under the control a second promoter (e.g., -[promoter_(b)]-[GA₂]-), and another construct having another glucoamylase gene also under the control a second promoter (e.g., -[promoter_(b)]-[GA₄]-), wherein GA₁, GA₂, GA₃, and GA₄ encode a common glucoamylase, but have different nucleic acid sequences. In some aspects, the promoter for GA₁ and GA₃ is the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (TDH3) promoter and the promoter for GA₂ and GA₄ is the phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) promoter. In some aspects, two of the DNA constructs (-[promoter_(a)]-[GA₁]-, and -[promoter_(b)]-[GA₂]-) are integrated at one allele (geneX₁) in the organisms genome, and the other two DNA constructs (-[promoter_(a)]-[GA₃]-, and -[promoter_(b)]-[GA₄]-) are integrated at the corresponding allele (geneX₂) in the organisms genome.

An expression construct including the glucoamylase gene can also include any termination sequence functional in the host cell. For example, the termination sequence and the promoter sequence can be from the same gene, or the termination sequence is heterologous to the promoter sequence (i.e., from a different gene). In some modes of practice, the terminator comprises a ribosomal protein L3 (RPL3) terminator or a cytochrome C (CYC1) terminator.

In some aspects a particular promoter and terminator species (promoter_(a)-terminator_(c)) pair that is heterologous to each other provides expression control for two or more glucoamylase nucleic acid sequences, and another particular promoter and terminator species (promoter_(b)-terminator_(d)) pair that are heterologous to each other provides expression control for another two or more glucoamylase nucleic acid sequences. For example, organisms of the disclosure can include four DNA constructs, one construct having a glucoamylase gene under the control a first promoter and first terminator (e.g., -[promoter_(a)]-[GA₁]-[terminator_(c)]), another construct having another glucoamylase gene also under the control a first promoter and first terminator (e.g., -[promoter_(a)]-[GA₃]-[terminator_(c)]), another construct having a glucoamylase gene under the control a second promoter and second terminator (e.g., -[promoter_(b)]-[GA₂]-[terminator_(d)]), and another construct having another glucoamylase gene also under the control a second promoter and second terminator (e.g., -[promoter_(b)]-[GA₄]-[terminator_(d)]), wherein GA₁, GA₂, GA₃, and GA₄ encode a common glucoamylase, but have different nucleic acid sequences. In some aspects, the promoter and terminator for GA₁ and GA₃ is the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (TDH3) promoter and the cytochrome C (CYC1) terminator, and the promoter and terminator for GA₂ and GA₄ is the phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) promoter and the ribosomal protein L3 (RPL3) terminator. In some aspects, two of the DNA constructs (-[promoter_(a)]-[GA₁]-[terminator_(c)], and -[promoter_(b)]-[GA₂]-[terminator_(d)]) are integrated at one allele (geneX₁) in the organisms genome, and the other two DNA constructs (-[promoter₁]-[GA₃]-[terminator_(c)], and -[promoter₂]-[GA₄]-[terminator_(d)]) are integrated at the corresponding allele (geneX₂) in the organisms genome, wherein the organism is diploid.

The DNA constructs may be introduced into a host cell using a vector. The vector may be any vector which when introduced into a host cell is stably introduced. In some aspects, the vector is integrated into the host cell genome and is replicated. Vectors include cloning vectors, expression vectors, shuttle vectors, plasmids, phage particles, cassettes and the like. In some aspects, the vector is an expression vector that comprises regulatory sequences operably linked to the glucoamylase coding sequence.

The DNA construct comprising a glucoamylase gene can further include a selectable marker, thereby facilitating the selection in a host cell. For example, the selectable marker can be for transformed yeast. Examples of yeast selectable marker include markers commonly used for selecting for transformed yeast cells. Auxotrophic markers can be used using a gene that controls an auxotrophy, meaning that the gene enables yeast to produce a nutrient required for the growth of the yeast. Examples genes that control auxotrophies include leucine auxotrophy (LEU2), histidine auxotrophy (HISS), uracil auxotrophy (URA3, LIRAS), and tryptophan auxotrophy (TRP1).

The DNA construct may be one which is integrated into the genome and replicated together with the chromosome(s) into which it has been integrated. For example, a fungal cell may be transformed with the DNA construct encoding the glucoamylase, and integrating the DNA construct in the host chromosome(s). This integration is generally considered to be an advantage, as the DNA sequence is more likely to be stably maintained. In methods of the disclosure, the integrated glucoamylase construct can be stably maintained over the course of a fermentation period, meaning that the construct is not lost from its integration site. Accordingly, the integrated glucoamylase is able to constantly produce and secrete glucoamylase into the fermentation medium where it can act on a hydrolyzed starch substrate. Integration of the DNA constructs into the host chromosome may be performed according to conventional methods, such as by homologous or heterologous recombination.

In one mode of practice, one or more DNA construct(s) comprising the glucoamylase genes is integrated at genetic locus, wherein the integration does not have a significant adverse effect on the health of the cell. For example, the integration can be at a locus of the genome that is not known to have any polypeptide coding sequence, or at a locus of the genome that has a gene that is not essential for function under desired growth conditions, such as under fermentation conditions using a starch or a starch-derived product as the energy source. For example, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a large amount of information is available about the essentiality of open reading frames (ORFs) in its genome. See, for example, http://www-sequence.stanford.edu/group/yeast_deletion_project/deletions3.html. Given information known in the art, one of skill can choose one or more non-essential genes as targets for integrations of the one or more DNA construct(s) comprising the glucoamylase genes. Whether or not a gene is “essential” can be determined in growth conditions using rich media with glucose.

In some aspects, one or more DNA construct(s) comprising the glucoamylase genes is integrated at the non-essential gene is L-lactate cytochrome-c oxidoreductase (CYB2).

In some modes of practice the first and second nucleic acids (GA₁ and GA₂) are first integrated into a first allele, and the third and fourth nucleic acids (GA₃ and GA₄) are integrated into a second allele, of a non-essential gene in the Saccharomyces species. In some modes of practice both alleles of the CYB2 gene are disrupted with the exogenous glucoamylase genes.

In some aspects the integration strategy uses co-transformation of two different DNA constructs, a first construct carrying the GA₁ gene, and second construct carrying the GA₂ gene, into a one allele of a gene. This is followed by another co-transformation of another two different DNA constructs, a third construct carrying the GA₃, gene, and a fourth carrying the GA₄ gene. The first construct includes a portion of the gene targeted for integration (“GTI”; e.g., a portion of the CYB2 gene), preferably located at the 5′ end of the construct; the GA₁ gene, flanked by desired promoter and terminator sequences; and a selectable marker gene, such as URA3. The second construct includes the selectable marker gene (e.g., URA3) preferably located at the 5′ end of the construct; the GA₂ gene, flanked by desired promoter and terminator sequences that are different than the GA₁ gene; a portion of the gene targeted for integration (GTI; e.g., a portion of the CYB2 gene). The third and fourth DNA constructs can be arranged similarly to the first and second DNA constructs, but use a different selectable marker (e.g., the amdS gene from Aspergillus instead of URA3). Additionally, the selectable marker can be truncated in so that neither of the two transformation fragments that are co-transformed can produce a functional gene by themselves, but through homologous recombination can produce a full length functional selectable marker.

An exemplary first DNA construct has the following arrangement of genetic elements: 5′-[GTI portion]-[promoter_(a)]-[GA₁]-[terminator_(c)]-[selectable marker₁]-3′. An exemplary second DNA construct has the following arrangement of genetic elements: 5′-[selectable marker₁]-[promoter_(b)]-[GA₂]-[terminator_(d)]-[GTI portion]-3′. An exemplary third DNA construct has the following arrangement of genetic elements: 5′-[GTI portion]-[promoter_(a)]-[GA₃]-[terminator_(c)]-[selectable marker₂]-3′. An exemplary fourth DNA construct has the following arrangement of genetic elements: 5′-[selectable marker₂]-[promoter_(b)]-[GA₄]-[terminator_(d)]-[GTI portion]-3′.

Various host cells can be transformed with a DNA construct including one or more glucoamylase genes. In some aspects the DNA construct is present in a bacterial cell which can be used, for example, for propagation of the nucleic acid sequence or for production of quantities of the polypeptide.

In other aspects, the host cell is a eukaryotic cell, such as a fungal cell.

In aspects of the disclosure, the some aspects the glucoamylase nucleic acids can be engineered in a yeast strain. For example, the yeast can be a species of Saccharomyces, Issatchenkia, Candida, Pichia, Yarrowia, or Kluyeromyces. Exemplary yeast species include Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Issatchenkia orientalis, Candida utilis, Pichia Stipitis, Yarrowia lipolytica, Kluyveromyces marxiannus, and Kluyeromyces lactis. Engineered cells of these species have been described in the art (e.g., see WO 2007032792; Tamakawa, H. et al. (2011) Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 75:1994-2000; Ilmén, M., et al. (2007) Appl Environ Microbiol. 73:117-123; Xie, D., et al. (2015) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 99: 1599-1610; Zhang, J. et al. (2014) Bioresour Technol. 152:192-201; and González-Siso, M. I., et al. (2015) Microb Biotechnol. 8:319-330).

In some aspects the host cell has tolerance to a higher amount of a bioderived product, such as ethanol, in the fermentation media. In some aspects, the host cell is an “industrial yeast” which refers to any yeasts used conventionally in ethanol fermentation. Examples include sake yeasts, shochu yeasts, wine yeasts, beer yeasts, baker's yeasts, and the like. Sake yeasts demonstrate high ethanol fermentability and high ethanol resistance and genetic stability. Typically, an industrial yeast has high ethanol resistance and preferably is viable at ethanol concentrations of 10% or greater.

In exemplary aspects, the host cell is S. cerevisiae. Some S. cerevisiae have high tolerance to ethanol. Various strains of ethanol tolerant yeast are commercially available, such as RED STAR™ and ETHANOL RED™ yeast (Fermentis/Lesaffre, USA), FALI™ (Fleischmann's Yeast, USA), SUPERSTART™ and THERMOSACC™ yeast (Ethanol Technology, Wis., USA), BIOFERM™ AFT and XR™ (NABC—North American Bioproducts Corporation, GA, USA), GERT STRAND™ (Gert Strand AB, Sweden), and FERMIOL™ (DSM Specialties).

Industrial yeasts are typically prototrophic and therefore do not have an auxotrophic marker suitable for selecting for a transformant. If the host cell does not have the genetic background that would otherwise facilitate selection or retention of the glucoamylase genes within the cell upon transformation, the host cell can be engineered to introduce one or more genetic mutation(s) to establish use of a marker gene in association with and to maintain the glucoamylase genes in the cell. For example, a commercially available ethanol tolerant yeast cell can be genetically modified prior to introducing the glucoamylase genes in the cell.

A marker for a different auxotrophy can be provided by disrupting the gene that controls the auxotrophy. In one mode of practice, an ethanol tolerant strain of yeast is engineered to disrupt copies of one or more genes that control auxotrophies, such as LYS2, LEU2, HISS, URA3, URA5, and TRP1. In the case of providing uracil auxotrophy, for example, a normal ura3 gene of an ethanol tolerant yeast can be replaced with an ura3 fragment obtained from a uracil auxotrophic mutant (for example, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae MT-8 strain) to disrupt the normal URA3 gene. In the case of a URA3-disrupted strain, the presence/absence of a marker can be easily identified or selected by taking advantage of the fact that a URA3 gene-disrupted strain is able to grow in a medium containing 5-fluoroorotic acid (5-FOA) while a normal URA3 strain (wild-type yeast or usual industrial yeast) is not able to grow. In the case of a LYS2 gene-disrupted strain, the presence/absence of a marker can be easily identified or selected by taking advantage of the fact that a LYS2-disrupted strain is able to grow in a medium containing α-aminoadipic acid while a normal LYS2 strain (wild-type yeast or usual industrial yeast) is not able to grow. Methods for disrupting an auxotrophy-controlling gene and for selectively separating auxotrophy-controlling gene mutants may be used depending on the auxotrophy employed. Alternatively, one can employ dominant selection markers, such as the amdS from Aspergillus nidulans (U.S. Pat. No. 5,876,988), which allows for growth on acetamide as the sole nitrogen source; or ARO4-OFP, which allows for growth in the presence of fluoro-phenylalanine (Fukuda et. al.). These markers can be used repeatedly using the recyclable cre-loxP system, or alternatively can be used to create auxotrophic strains that allow additional markers to be utilized.

After the host cell has been engineered to provide a desired genetic background for introduction of the glucoamylases gene, one or more gene construct(s) is introduced into a cell to integrate into the genome, or to be stably maintained and allow for expression. Methods for introducing a gene construct into a host cell include transformation, transduction, transfection, co-transfection, electroporation. In particular, yeast transformation can be carried out using the lithium acetate method, the protoplast method, and the like. The gene construct to be introduced may be incorporated into a chromosome in the form of a plasmid, or by insertion into the gene of a host, or through homologous recombination with the gene of a host. The transformed yeast into which the gene construct has been introduced can be selected with a selectable marker (for example, an auxotrophic marker as mentioned above). Further confirmation can be made by measuring the activity of the expressed protein.

The transformation of exogenous nucleic acid sequences including the glucoamylase genes can be confirmed using methods well known in the art. Such methods include, for example, nucleic acid analysis such as Northern blots or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of mRNA, or immunoblotting for expression of gene products, or other suitable analytical methods to test the expression of the introduced nucleic acid sequences or their corresponding gene product. It is understood by those skilled in the art that the exogenous nucleic acid is expressed in a sufficient amount to produce the desired product, and it is further understood that expression levels can be optimized to obtain sufficient expression using methods well known in the art and as disclosed herein.

The engineered yeast of the disclosure can be provided in any suitable form. In some aspects, the engineered yeast is dehydrated to form a dry yeast composition. The dry yeast composition can have increased shelf life over wet compositions.

The engineered yeast strains expressing a heterologous glucoamylase, or two or more heterologous glucoamylases, wherein the glucoamylase is encoded by multiple exogenous nucleic acids which are different from each other, can be used in a fermentation process to make a product. The fermentation product (also referred to herein as “bioproduct”) can be any product that can be prepared by enzymatic degradation of a starch material by the glucoamylase, formation of glucose, and fermentation of glucose. In aspects, the fermentation product is selected from the group consisting of: amino acids, organic acids, alcohols, diols, polyols, fatty acids, monacyl glycerides, diacyl glycerides, triacyl glycerides, sweeteners, sophorolipids, and mixtures thereof.

Other exemplary bioproducts that are organic acids or amino acids include lactic acid, citric acid, malonic acid, hydroxy butyric acid, adipic acid, lysine, keto-glutaric acid, glutaric acid, 3-hydroxy-proprionic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, muconic acid, methacrylic acid, and acetic acid and derivatives thereof and salts thereof.

In some modes of practice, the engineered yeast strain having multiple exogenous nucleic acids encoding for the heterologous GA, can be used in a fermentation process to produce lactic acid. In such aspect, the glucoamylase modified yeast strain can be further modified to include a heterologous lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) gene for enhancing the production of lactic acid. Heterologous LDH genes transformed into yeast strains are described in, for example, WO 99/14335, WO 00/71738 and WO 02/42471.

The engineered yeast can also include one or other genetic modifications that are different than the modification of the glucoamylase with heterologous signal sequence. For example, one or more additional modifications can include those that provide a different polysaccharide-degrading enzyme, such as an exogenous or modified alpha-amylase, beta-amylase, pullulanase, isoamylase, or cyclodextrin glycosyltransferases; an exogenous or modified sugar transporter gene (such as an isomaltose transporter); and/or an exogenous or modified gene that converts a low molecular weight non-glucose sugar to glucose, such as an isomaltase.

Fermentation using a host cell expressing the glucoamylase genes can be performed in the presence of a starch and/or sugar containing plant material, referring to a starch and/or sugar containing plant material derivable from any plant and plant part, such as tubers, roots, stems, leaves and seeds. Starch and/or sugar comprising plant material can be obtained from cereal, such as barley, wheat, maize, rye, sorghum, millet, barley, potatoes, cassava, or rice, and any combination thereof. The starch- and/or sugar comprising plant material can be processed, such as by methods such as milling, malting, or partially malting. In some aspects, the starch material is from corn flour, milled corn endosperm, sorghum flour, soybean flour, wheat flour, biomass derived starch, barley flour, and combinations thereof.

In some aspects, the fermentation media includes a treated starch. For example, the fermentation media can include a partially hydrolyzed starch. Partially hydrolyzed starch includes preparations having minimal hydrolysis (e.g., a DE of 5, having little dextrose) to preparations having substantial hydrolysis (e.g., a DE of 95, predominantly dextrose). In some preparations, the partially hydrolyzed starch can include high molecular weight dextrins and high molecular weight maltodextrins. In some modes of practice, a partially hydrolyzed starch product having a dextrose equivalent (“DE”) in the range of about 5 to about 95 or more, or in some embodiments about 45 to about 65, is used in the fermentation media. Other DE ranges for partially hydrolyzed starch include 5-25, 15-35, 25-45, 35-55, 55-75, 65-85, and 75-95.

Partially hydrolyzed starches and preparation thereof are well known in the art. Partially hydrolyzed starches can be prepared by heating the starch with an acid such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid at a high temperature and then neutralizing the hydrolysis mixture with a suitable base such as sodium carbonate. Alternatively, partially hydrolyzed starches can be prepared by an enzymatic process, such as by adding alpha-amylase to a starch preparation. An alpha amylase can cause the endohydrolysis of (1→4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides containing three or more (1→4)-alpha-linked D-glucose units. For example, a partially hydrolyzed corn starch by enzymatic treatment is a liquefied corn starch that has been taken through liquefaction and treated with an alpha amylase. A partially hydrolyzed starch product can be used that have amounts of starch and starch degradation products within desired ranges.

In aspects of the disclosure, given production and secretion of the glucoamylase from the engineered yeast into the fermentation medium, the fermentation method may omit addition of purified or enriched commercial glucoamylase into the medium, or at least allow significantly less commercial glucoamylase to be used in a fermentation method. For example, the engineered yeast of the disclosure can allow addition of commercial glucoamylase to be eliminated or at least reduced by about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95%. Typically amounts of glucoamylase in the range of about 7 units to about 50 units per liter would be used in fermentation methods that do not use a glucoamylase-secreting engineered yeast.

A corn wet milling process can be used to provide steep-water, which can be used for fermentation. Corn kernels can be steeped and then milled, and separated into their major constituent fractions. Light steep water is a byproduct of the steeping process, and contains a mixture of soluble proteins, amino acids, organic acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.

The fermentation broth includes water and preferably includes nutrients, such as a nitrogen source (such as proteins), vitamins and salts. A buffering agent can also be present in the fermentation media. Other components may also be present in the fermentation broth after a period of fermentation, such as fermentation products which can accumulate as the fermentation progresses, and other metabolites. Optionally, the fermentation broth can be buffered with a base such as calcium hydroxide or calcium carbonate, ammonia or ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, or potassium hydroxide in order to maintain a pH at which the organism functions well.

The engineered yeast of the current disclosure can also be described in terms of the engineered yeast's growth rate. The growth rate of yeast can be defined by L=log(numbers) where numbers is the number of yeast cells formed per unit volume (mL), versus T (time).

The fermentation is carried out under conditions so that fermentation can occur. Although conditions can vary depending on the particular organism and desired fermentation product, typical conditions include a temperature of about 20° C. or greater, and more typically in the range of about 30° C. to about 50° C. During fermentation the reaction mixture can be mixed or agitated. In some modes of practice, the mixing or agitation can occur by the mechanical action of sparging gas to the fermentation broth. Alternatively direct mechanical agitation such as by an impeller or by other means can be used during fermentation.

The engineered yeast can be one that has an increased tolerance to growth at temperatures that greater than those in which yeast, such Saccharomyces cerevisiae, typically grow at. For example, S. cerevisiae typically have optimal growth in the temperature range of 30° C.-33° C. In some aspects, the engineered yeast of the disclosure display improved tolerance to growth at temperatures in the range of 34° C.-40° C.

For example, as compared to reference yeast without the genetic modification, the engineered yeast of the disclosure can have a rate of growth at a temperature in the range of 34° C.-40° C., that is 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% greater than the growth rate of a reference yeast without the genetic modification.

In some cases fermentation is carried out in industrial capacity fermenters in order to achieve commercial scale economic benefits and control. In an aspect, the fermentation is carried out in a fermenter that has a capacity of about 10,000 liters or more.

The pH of the fermentation media can be adjusted to provide optimal conditions for glucoamylase activity, cell growth, and fermentation activity to provide a desired product, such as ethanol. For example, pH of the solution can be adjusted to in the range of 3 to 5.5. In one mode of practice, the pH of the fermentation media is in the range of 4 to 4.5.

As noted above, the present fermentation process using genetically modified microorganisms expressing the glucoamylase genes and capable of secreting the enzyme produced into the fermentation media. These enzymes are therefore directly exposed to the broth conditions and affect the carbohydrate composition in the fermentation media. In the fermentation media the glucoamylase can cause hydrolysis and release of D-glucose from the non-reducing ends of the starch or related oligo- and polysaccharide molecules by cleaving alpha-(1,4) and alpha-(1,6) glucosidic bonds.

Starch may also be acted on by one or more other amylases (e.g., alpha-amylase) present in the fermentation media. For example, if alpha-amylase is present in the fermentation media it can cause partial hydrolysis of precursor starch and cause a partial breakdown of the starch molecules by hydrolyzing internal alpha-(1,4)-linkages.

In some modes of practice, the fermentation is carried out as a single batch until completion.

In other modes of practice, the fermentation is carried out as a fed batch fermentation process. In this mode of practice, a first portion of a total amount of starch material to be fermented is added to the fermentation media wherein the glucoamylase enzyme acts on the starch to cause formation of glucose to be used as a substrate for fermentation. Additional starch material is added in one or more portions to provide more substrate for the glucoamylase enzyme in the media. The addition of starch can be regulated and the formation of glucose can be monitored to provide efficient fermentation.

Preferably, the fermentation is carried out in a continuous mode of operation. In this mode, multiple fermenters operate in series in which a starch hydrolysate is supplied in the first fermenter, which is fed to second fermenter and so on until the starch hydrolysate is converted to ethanol. Continuous operation can be operated using between 2-7 fermenters.

In modes of fermenting, a liquid medium including partially hydrolyzed starch can be added “throughout” the fermentation period, meaning that the partially hydrolyzed starch is added more than once during the period. This can be accomplished by the addition of a plurality of batches of liquid medium added periodically to the fermentation medium throughout the period, by continuous addition of liquid medium including the partially hydrolyzed starch throughout the period, or combinations thereof.

In some modes of practice, a portion of the total amount of starch material is added to the fermentation broth using a variable rate addition system. Examples of such systems include a variable speed pump or a metering valve (such as a throttle valve) operably connected to a pump, which pump or valve can be utilized to vary the amount of starch material introduced into the fermentation broth over time. In some modes of practice, during the addition of a portion of the starch material, glucose concentration is monitored by a real-time monitoring system.

Real-time monitoring systems include systems that directly monitor glucose concentration and systems that indirectly monitor glucose concentration. Examples of real-time monitoring systems that typically directly monitor glucose concentration include systems based on infrared (IR) spectroscopy, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy systems, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) systems, systems based on refractive index, automated enzyme based measurement systems such as a YSI 2950 Biochemistry Analyzer sold by YSI Life Sciences systems, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) based systems, gas chromatography (GC) based systems, and other real-time monitoring systems known to one of skill in the art. Additionally real-time monitoring systems that indirectly monitor/measure the glucose concentration of a fermentation process can be developed by determining the typical carbon distribution in a particular fermentation process and correlating the glucose concentration present in the fermentation broth to another parameter exhibited by the fermentation, such as, for example, a correlation of the glucose level present in the fermentation broth with a measurement of the carbon dioxide evolution rate and the amount of carbon dioxide present in an off-gas stream from the fermentation vessel. The carbon dioxide can be readily measured through use of a mass spectrometer or other suitable instrumental technique for measuring the components of the off-gas stream. In a preferred aspect, the glucose concentration is monitored by a real-time monitoring system using infrared spectroscopy. In another one aspect, the glucose concentration is monitored by a real-time monitoring system using near-infrared spectroscopy. The real time monitoring systems interface with equipment that controls the introduction of starch material into the fermentation broth to modulate the formation of glucose to a desired concentration in the fermentation broth.

During the fermentation process a sample of the fermentation medium can be taken to determine the amount of glucoamylase activity in the medium. The amount of glucoamylase activity in the medium can be referred to as extracellular glucoamylase activity as it corresponds to glucoamylase secreted from the engineered yeast. In some modes of measuring, the amount of glucoamylase activity in the medium can be determined by the amount of glucoamylase activity per amount of biomass per volume of medium.

As used herein “biomass” refers to the weight of the engineered yeast, which can be measured in grams of dried cell weight per liter of medium (DCW/L).

A unit (U) of GA activity can be defined as the amount of enzyme that catalyzes the release of 1 mg glucose/min from starch. Glucoamylase activity can be measured in concentrated broth by coupling starch hydrolysis to a HXK/G6PDH reaction mix (Sigma G3293) in a two-step end point assay. Broth can be concentrated from a predetermined amount of cells grown using a non-glucose carbon source (i.e. raffinose) to avoid interference with the assay.

The specific activity is equal to the activity in a given volume of broth divided by the wet weight of cells in the same volume of broth. Specific activity has the following units, U of GA activity per gram of biomass (U/g biomass). The amount of biomass used in the assay can be measured by determining the wet cell weight after removing the broth, either by filtration or centrifugation.

A starch solution is prepared by dissolving 1.1 g of corn starch (S4126, Sigma) in 50 mL of near boiling water, then adding 1 mL of 3M sodium acetate pH 5.2. A volume of concentrated broth (V_(b)), typically in the range of 1-20 ul (prepared by using a 10 Kb Kd cutoff column, Millipore #UFC901008) is added to the starch slurry (V_(s)), in a total volume of 200 ul, and allowed to incubate at 37° C. for a specific period of time (T), typically between 5-60 minutes. Parameters are selected such that the glucose formation is linear within a desired time. 20 μL of each sample is added to 2 μL 0.6N NaOH and mixed well. 200 μL of the HXK/G6PDH mix is then added and incubated at 30° C. for 30 minutes. The absorbance at 340 nm is measured using a spectrophotometer (SpectraMax™ M2). Regression analysis using known glucose standards is used to calculate the amount of glucose released in each sample. The specific enzyme activity per gram of biomass (U/g biomass) can be calculated by obtaining the weight in grams of the sample used prior to concentration. Unit of activity=(mg glucose/T)*((V_(b)+V_(s))/(V_(b)))*(222/20). Specific activity=Unit of activity/g biomass.

In other aspects, an amount of glucoamylase activity in a fermentation medium provided by an engineered yeast of the disclosure can be described relative to a reference yeast. For example, the amount of glucoamylase activity that an engineered yeast expressing heterologous glucoamylase (e.g., having 90% or greater identity to identical to SEQ ID NO:11,) encoded by multiple exogenous nucleic acids, can be compared to an otherwise identical yeast without the exogenous nucleic acids.

Measurement of glucoamylase activity in the fermentation medium can be performed at a desired time point during fermentation. For example, a sample from the fermentation media can be taken about 1/10^(th), about 2/10^(th), about 3/10^(th), about 4/10^(th), about 5/10^(th), about 6/10^(th), about 7/10^(th), about 8/10^(th), about 9/10^(th) of the way through the fermentation process, or at the end of the fermentation process, and the sample can be tested for glucoamylase activity.

In some modes of practice, the fermentation period is about 30 hours or greater, about 40 hours or greater, about 50 hours or greater, or about 60 hours or greater, such as a period of time in the range of about 40 to about 160 hours, 50 to about 150 hours, about 60 to about 140 hours, about 60 to about 120 hours, or about 60 to about 120 hours. In modes of practice the fermentation period is for about 5 or about 6 days.

The fermentation product (also referred to herein as a “bio-derived product” or “bioproduct”) can be any product that can be prepared by enzymatic degradation of a starch material by the glucoamylase, formation of glucose, and fermentation of glucose. In aspects, In an aspect, the fermentation product is selected from the group consisting of: amino acids, organic acids, alcohols, diols, polyols, fatty acids, fatty acid alkyl esters (such as fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters (for example C6 to C12 fatty acid methyl esters (preferably C8 to C10 fatty acid methyl esters))), monacyl glycerides, diacyl glycerides, triacyl glycerides, and mixtures thereof. Preferred fermentation products are organic acids, amino acids, fatty acid alkyl esters (such as fatty acid methyl esters (for example C8 to C12 fatty acid methyl esters (preferably C8 to C10 fatty acid methyl esters))), and their salts thereof, and especially where the organic acid is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl carboxylic acids (including mono-hydroxy and di-hydroxy mono-, di-, and tri-carboxylic acids), monocarboxylic acids, dicarboxylic acids, and tricarboxylic acids and mixtures thereof. Examples of fermentation products that are prepared by the present process are organic acids or amino acids such as lactic acid, citric acid, malonic acid, hydroxy butyric acid, adipic acid, lysine, keto-glutaric acid, glutaric acid, 3-hydroxy-proprionic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, muconic acid, methacrylic acid, acetic acid, methyl hexanoate, methyl octanoate, methyl nonanoate, methyl decanoate, methyl dodecanoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl nonanoate, ethyl decanoate, ethyl dodecanoate, and mixtures thereof and derivatives thereof and salts thereof. In a preferred aspect, a fermentation method of the disclosure produces ethanol as the bioproduct.

In some modes of practice, the fermentation product can be recovered from the fermentation broth. The manner of accomplishing this will depend on the particular product. However, in some modes of practice, the organism is separated from the liquid phase, typically via a filtration step or centrifugation step, and the product recovered via, for example, distillation, extraction, crystallization, membrane separation, osmosis, reverse osmosis, or other suitable technique.

The present process provides the ability to make fermentation products on a production scale level with excellent yields and purity. In an aspect, the process is carried out in fermentation broth quantities of at least 25,000 gallons. In an aspect, the batch process is carried out in to produce batches of at least 25,000 gallons of final fermentation broth. Add continuous process, vessels of at least 200,000 gallons

A composition comprising the secreted glucoamylase can optionally be used in combination with any one or in any combination with the following enzymes that are different than the glucoamylase. Exemplary other enzymes include alpha amylases, beta-amylases, peptidases (proteases, proteinases, endopeptidases, exopeptidases), pullulanases, isoamylases, cellulases, hemicellulases, endo-glucanases and related beta-glucan hydrolytic accessory enzymes, xylanases and xylanase accessory enzymes, acetolactate decarboxylases, cyclodextrin glycotransferases, lipases, phytases, laccases, oxidases, esterases, cutinases, granular starch hydrolyzing enzymes and other glucoamylases.

In some aspects, the glucoamylase produced by the recombinant cell can be used for starch conversion processes, such as for the production of dextrose for fructose syrups, specialty sugars and in alcohol and other end-product (e.g., organic acid, ascorbic acid, and amino acids). Production of alcohol from the fermentation of starch substrates using glucoamylases of the disclosure can include the production of fuel alcohol or potable alcohol.

The production of alcohol can be greater when a Saccharomyces species having at least four exogenous nucleic acids, each having a different nucleic acid sequence but that encode the same or a similar glucoamylase polypeptide, are used under the same conditions as compared to the parent strain. For example, the increase in alcohol production using the engineered Saccharomyces of the disclosure can be 1.1× or greater, 1.2× or greater, 1.3× or greater, 1.4× or greater, 1.5× or greater, 1.6× or greater, 1.7× or greater, 1.7× or greater, 1.8× or greater, 1.9× or greater, 2.0× or greater, 2.1× or greater, 2.2× or greater, 2.3× or greater, 2.4× or greater, or 2.5× or greater that alcohol production in a wild type strain.

In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method for producing ethanol by fermentation, wherein the ethanol is present in the fermentation media at a concentration of 90 g/L or greater. In the method, a liquid media comprising a starch material and an engineered yeast, such as an engineered Saccharomyces species having at least four exogenous nucleic acids, each having a different nucleic acid sequence but that encode the same or a similar glucoamylase polypeptide is fermented. Fermentation can provide an ethanol concentration of about 90 g/L or greater in the liquid media, such as in the range of about 90 g/L to about 170 g/L, in the range of about 110 g/L to about 170 g/L, in the range of about 125 g/L to about 170 g/L, in the range of about 130 g/L to about 170 g/L, or in the range of about 140 g/L to about 170 g/L.

In some aspects, the fermentation method uses an engineered yeast with at least one genetic modification providing a heterologous glucoamylase, and throughout the fermentation period, a liquid medium comprising partially hydrolyzed starch is added to the fermentation medium. The heterologous glucoamylase is secreted into the medium, and the genetic modification stable over the fermentation period to provide ethanol at a concentration of 130 g/L or greater in the fermentation medium at a fermentation period of five days or greater.

Strains of the disclosure can also be used in a fermentation process which provides lower amounts of glycerol production as compared to a wild type strain. Glycerol is a significant by-product during anaerobic production of ethanol and minimizing glycerol production is desirable as less sugar feedstock would be diverted from production of desired bioproducts such as ethanol. Surprisingly, strains of the disclosure demonstrate a considerable reduction of glycerol during a fermentation process. For example, in a fermentation process, the strains may produce less than 10 g/L of glycerol, less than about 9 g/L of glycerol, less than about 8 g/L of glycerol, or less than about 7 g/L of glycerol. Glycerol production using an organism of the disclosure can also be expressed relative to one or more bioproducts, such as ethanol, during a fermentation process. For example, in some modes of practice, during a fermentation process the ethanol to glycerol ratio is greater than about 13:1, or greater than about 14:1, such as in the range of about 14:1 to about 25:1.

The method includes fermenting a liquid media comprising a starch material and a engineered yeast comprising a exogenous nucleic acid encoding polypeptide comprising a glucoamylase portion and a signal sequence heterologous to the glucoamylase, wherein said fermentation provides an ethanol concentration of 90 g/L or greater in the liquid media.

The fermentation product may be first treated with one or more agents a treatment system. The treated fermentation product can then be sent to a distillation system. In the distillation system, the fermentation product can be distilled and dehydrated into ethanol. In some aspects, the components removed from the fermentation media include water, soluble components, oil and unfermented solids. Some of these components can be used for other purposed, such as for an animal feed product. Other co-products, for example, syrup can be recovered from the stillage.

Backset is the remaining fermentation broth following the removal of a bioproduct, such as alcohol, during the distillation process. Scrubber water is the liquid collected from a scrubber. Definitions of common terms of the disclosure can be found in The Alcohol Textbook, 4^(th) Edition. 1995.

The present disclosure also provides a method for the production of a food, feed, or beverage product, such as an alcoholic or non-alcoholic beverage, such as a cereal- or malt-based beverage like beer or whiskey, such as wine, cider, vinegar, rice wine, soya sauce, or juice, said method comprising the step of treating a starch and/or sugar containing plant material with a composition as described herein. In another aspect, the invention also relates to a kit comprising a glucoamylase of the current disclosure, or a composition as contemplated herein; and instructions for use of said glucoamylase or composition. The invention also relates to a fermented beverage produced by a method using the glucoamylase.

After the fermentation process is complete, materials present in the fermentation medium can be of use. In some aspects, after a fermentation process has been completed, or while a fermentation process is ongoing, some or all of a bioproduct can be removed from the fermentation medium to provide a refined composition comprising non-bioproduct solids. The non-bioproduct solids contain the engineered yeast, feedstock material in the medium that is not utilized by the yeast, as well as fermentation co-products. These materials can provide sources of carbohydrates and proteins that are useful as supplements to improve the nutritional content of a feed composition. The feed material can be a co-product from a fermentation process such as stillage (whole stillage, thin stillage, etc.) or composition prepared therefrom including dried distillers grains (DDG), distillers dry grains with solubles (DDGS), distillers wet grains (DWG), and distillers solubles (DS).

A fermentation medium, optionally with some or all of the target bioproduct removed, can be further treated, such as to remove water, or to cause precipitation or isolation of the non-bioproduct solids from the medium. In some cases the medium is treated by freeze drying or oven drying. After treatment the refined composition may be in the form of, for example, a liquid concentrate, a semi-wet cake, or a dry solid. The refined composition can be used as a feed composition itself, or an ingredient in the preparation of a feed composition. In preferred preparations, the feed composition is a livestock feed composition such as for sheep, cattle, pigs, etc.

The solids in the fermentation medium can provide a source of one or more amino acids. Introduced into an animal feed, the fermentation co-product can provide an enhanced amino acid content with regard to one or more essential amino acids. Essential amino acids can include histidine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, and tryptophan. These amino acids can be present in the feed composition as free amino acids or can be derived from proteins or peptides rich in the amino acids. The solids in the fermentation medium can provide a source of one prebiotics, which are nondigestible food substances, such as nondigestible oligosaccharides, that selectively stimulate the growth of favorable species of bacteria in the gut, thereby benefiting the host. The solids in the fermentation medium can provide a source of phytases, β-glucanases, proteases, and xylanases.

The feed composition can be used in aquaculture, is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish, or plants. Aquaculture includes the cultivation of both marine and freshwater species and can range from land-based to open-ocean production.

A feed composition, in addition to material obtained from the fermentation media, can include one or more feed additives. Feed additives can be used, for example, to help provide a balanced diet (e.g., vitamins and/or trace minerals), to protect the animals from disease and/or stress (e.g., antibiotics, probiotics) and/or to stimulate or control growth and behavior (e.g., hormones). Additive product ingredients may include, for example: growth promoters, medicinal substances, buffers, antioxidants, enzymes, preservatives, pellet-binding agents, direct-fed microbials, etc. Additive product ingredients may also include, for example, ionophores (e.g. monesin, lasalocid, laidlomycin, etc.), β-agonist (zilpaterol, ractompamine, etc.), antibiotics (e.g., chlortetracycline (CTC), oxytetracycline, bacitrain, tylosin, aureomycin), probiotics and yeast cultures, coccidiostats (e.g., amprollium, decoquinate, lasalocid, monensin), and hormones (e.g., growth hormones or hormones that inhibit estrus and/or ovulation such as melengestrol acetate), pheromones, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, flavanoids, nutritive and non-nutritive supplements, detoxicants, etc. Some commercially available additives are sold under the trade names Rumensin®, Bovatec®, Deccox®, Tylan®, Optaflexx®, and MGA®.

Example 1 Generation of Amylolytic Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains

Strain 1-3: ura3Δ Saccharomyces cerevisiae Base Strain

Strain 1 (Ethanol Red™) was transformed with SEQ ID NO:1. SEQ ID NO:1 contains the following elements: i) an expression cassette for a mutant version of a 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ARO4-OFP); and ii) flanking DNA for targeted chromosomal integration into the URA3 locus. Transformants were selected on synthetic complete media containing 3.5 g/L of p-fluorophenylalanine, and 1 g/L L-tyrosine (ScD-PFP). Resulting transformants were streaked for single colony isolation on ScD-PFP. A single colony was selected. Correct integration of SEQ ID NO: 1 into one allele of URA3 was verified by PCR in the single colony. A PCR verified isolate was designated Strain 1-1.

Stain 1-1 was transformed with SEQ ID NO:2. SEQ ID NO:2 contains the following elements: i) an expression cassette for a acetamidase (amdS) gene from Aspergillus nidulans; and ii) flanking DNA for targeted chromosomal integration into the URA3 locus. Transformants were selected on Yeast Nitrogen Base (without ammonium sulfate or amino acids) containing 80 mg/L uracil and 1 g/L acetamide as the sole nitrogen source. Resulting transformants were streaked for single colony isolation on Yeast Nitrogen Base (without ammonium sulfate or amino acids) containing 80 mg/L uracil and 1 g/L acetamide as the sole nitrogen source. A single colony was selected. Correct integration of SEQ ID NO 2 into the second allele of locus A was verified by PCR in the single colony. A PCR verified isolate is designated Strain 1-2.

Strain 1-2 was co-transformed with SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO:4. SEQ ID NO:3 contains the following elements: i) an open reading frame for a cre recombinase from P1 bacteriophage, and ii) flanking DNA homologous to SEQ ID NO:4. SEQ ID NO:4 contains the following elements: i) a 2μ origin of replication; ii) a URA3 selectable marker from Saccharomyces cerevisiae; and iii) flanking DNA containing a PGK promoter and CYC1 terminator from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Transformants were selected on synthetic dropout media lacking uracil (ScD-Ura). Resulting transformants were streaked for single colony isolation on ScD-Ura. A single colony was selected. The isolated colony was screened for lack of growth on ScD-PFP and Yeast Nitrogen Base (without ammonium sulfate or amino acids) containing 80 mg/L uracil and 1 g/L acetamide as the sole nitrogen source. Loss of the ARO4-OFP and amdS genes was verified by PCR. The PCR verified isolate was streaked to YNB containing 5-FOA to select for loss of the 2μ plasmid. The PCR verified isolate was designated Strain 1-3.

Strain 1-4: Saccharomyces cerevisiae Expressing Two Codon Optimized Variants of the Saccharomycopsis fibuligera Glucoamylase at One Allele of CYB2

Strain 1-3 was co-transformed with SEQ ID NO:16 and SEQ ID NO:17. SEQ ID NO:16 contains the following elements: i) DNA homologous to the 5′ region of the native CYB2 gene; and ii) an expression cassette for a unique codon optimized variant of the Saccharomycopsis fibuligera glucoamylase, under control of the TDH3 promoter and CYC1 terminator; and iii) the URA3 promoter as well as a portion of the URA3 gene. SEQ ID NO: 17 contains the following elements: i) a portion of the URA3 gene and terminator; and ii) an expression cassette for a unique codon optimized variant of the Saccharomycopsis fibuligera glucoamylase, under control of the PGK promoter and RPL3 terminator; and iii) DNA homologous to the 3′ region of the native CYB2 gene. Transformants were selected on ScD-Ura. Resulting transformants were streaked for single colony isolation on ScD-Ura. A single colony was selected. Correct integration of SEQ ID NO:16 and SEQ ID NO:17 at one allele of CYB2 was verified by PCR. The PCR verified isolate was designated Strain 1-4.

Strain 1-5: Saccharomyces cerevisiae Expressing Four Codon Optimized Variants of the Saccharomycopsis fibuligera Glucoamylase at Both Alleles of CYB2

Strain 1-4 was co-transformed with SEQ ID NO:18 and SEQ ID NO:19.

SEQ ID NO:18 contains the following elements: i) DNA homologous to the 5′ region of the native CYB2 gene; and ii) an expression cassette for a unique codon optimized variant of the Saccharomycopsis fibuligera glucoamylase, under control of the TDH3 promoter and CYC1 terminator; and iii) the TEF1 promoter and a portion of the Aspergillus nidulans acetamidase gene (amdS). SEQ ID NO:19 contains the following elements: i) a portion of the Aspergillus nidulans acetamidase gene (amdS) and ADH1 terminator; and ii) an expression cassette for a unique codon optimized variant of the Saccharomycopsis fibuligera glucoamylase, under control of the PGK promoter and RPL3 terminator; and iii) DNA homologous to the 3′ region of the native CYB2 gene. Transformants were selected on Yeast Nitrogen Base (without ammonium sulfate or amino acids) containing 80 mg/L uracil and 1 g/L acetamide as the sole nitrogen source. Resulting transformants were streaked for single colony isolation on Yeast Nitrogen Base (without ammonium sulfate or amino acids) containing 80 mg/L uracil and 1 g/L acetamide as the sole nitrogen source. A single colony was selected. Correct integration of SEQ ID NO:18 and SEQ ID NO:19 at the remaining allele of CYB2 was verified by PCR. The PCR verified isolate was designated Strain 1-5. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the engineered CYB2 loci showing arrangement of the codon optimized GA variants and marker genes.

Strain 1-6: Recycling the URA3 and amdS Markers Via Cre Recombinase in Strain 1-5

Strain 1-5 was transformed with SEQ ID NO:9. SEQ ID NO:9 contains the following elements: i) an expression cassette for a mutant version of a 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ARO4-OFP); 2) an expression cassette for a cre recombinase from P1 bacteriophage; 3) an expression cassette containing the native URA3, and 4) the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CEN6 centromere. Transformants were selected on synthetic complete media containing 3.5 g/L of p-fluorophenylalanine, and 1 g/L L-tyrosine (ScD-PFP). Resulting transformants were streaked for single colony isolation on ScD-PFP. A single colony was selected. The PCR verified isolate was designated Strain 1-6.

Strain 1-7: Restoring the Native URA3 at the Original Locus in Strain 1-6

Strain 1-6 was transformed with SEQ ID NO:10. SEQ ID NO:10 contains the follow elements: 1) an expression cassette for the native URA3, with 5′ and 3′ homology to the disrupted URA3 locus in Strain 1-6. Transformants were selected on ScD-ura. Resulting transformants were streaked for single colony isolate on ScD-ura. A single colony was selected. The PCR verified isolate was designated Strain 1-7.

Example 2 Evaluation of Amylolytic Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains Containing Multiple Copies of Unique Codon Optimized Variants of the Saccharomycopsis fibuligera Glucoamylase in Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation Shake Flask Assays Shake Flask Evaluation Using Partially Hydrolyzed Corn Starch

Strain 1-5 and Strain 1 are struck out on a ScD-Ura plate and incubated at 30° C. until single colonies are visible (1-2 days). Cells from the ScD-Ura plate are scraped into 10 mL of sterile water and the optical density (OD₆₀₀) is measured. Optical density is measured at wavelength of 600 nm with a 1 cm path length using a model Genesys20 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific).

A shake flask is inoculated with the cell slurry to reach an initial OD₆₀₀ of 0.1-0.3. Immediately prior to inoculating, 50 mL of shake flask medium is added to a 250 mL non-baffled shake flask (Corning 4995-250) fitted with a screw cap containing a gas-permeable seal (corning 1395-45LTMC) The shake flask medium consists of 850 g partially hydrolyzed corn starch, 150 g filtered light steep water, 25 g glucose, and 1 g urea. In a flask that contains Strain 1, 17.5 μl of Dupont Distillase glucoamylase is added immediately after inoculation (approximately 1.7 g enzyme per kilogram of starch).

The inoculated flask is incubated at 30° C. with shaking in an orbital shake at 100 rpm for 67 hours. Samples are taken and analyzed for ethanol concentrations in the broth during fermentation by high performance liquid chromatography with refractive index detector.

The results of the shake flask assay, shown in FIG. 2, demonstrate the effectiveness of strain 1-5 having the four unique codon optimized variants of Saccharomycopsis fibuligera glucoamylase for providing high ethanol titers, as compared to Strain 1 (i.e., without genetic modifications) without addition of commercial glucoamylase to the medium, and to the Strain 1 with addition of commercial glucoamylase to the medium.

Example 3 Evaluation of URA3 Restored Amylolytic Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains Containing Multiple Copies of Unique Codon Optimized Variants of the Saccharomycopsis fibuligera Glucoamylase in Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation Shake Flask Assays Shake Flask Evaluation Using Partially Hydrolyzed Corn Starch

Strain 1-5 and Strain 1-7 streaked out on a ScD-Ura plate and incubated at 30° C. until single colonies are visible (1-2 days). Cells from the ScD-Ura plate are scraped into 10 mL of sterile water and the optical density (OD₆₀₀) is measured. Optical density is measured at wavelength of 600 nm with a 1 cm path length using a model Genesys20 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific).

A shake flask is inoculated with the cell slurry to reach an initial OD₆₀₀ of 0.1-0.3. Immediately prior to inoculating, 50 mL of shake flask medium is added to a 250 mL non-baffled shake flask (Corning 4995-250) fitted with a screw cap containing a gas-permeable seal (corning 1395-45LTMC) The shake flask medium consists of 850 g partially hydrolyzed corn starch, 150 g filtered light steep water, 25 g glucose, and 1 g urea.

The inoculated flask is incubated at 30° C. with shaking in an orbital shake at 100 rpm for 64 hours. Samples are taken and analyzed for ethanol concentrations in the broth during fermentation by high performance liquid chromatography with refractive index detector.

The results of the shake flask, shown in FIG. 3, demonstrate ethanol production profile for Strain 1-5, which contains four unique codon optimized variants of the Saccharomycopsis fibuligera glucoamylase with markers at the engineered CYB2 locus compared to Strain 1-7, which contains four unique codon optimized variants of the Saccharomycopsis fibuligera glucoamylase with URA3 restored at the native locus.

Example 4 Evaluation of Strain 1 and Strain 1-5 in a Continuous Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation System Continuous Saccharification and Fermentation

The continuous simultaneous saccharification and fermentation system consisted of a saccharification tank and 4 fermentors run in series (New Brunswick BioFlo 310). The saccharification tank working volume is 2.1-2.3 liters and is held at 60° C., and continuously fed liquefied corn starch hydrolysate (34% dissolved solids, 3% glucose), dosed with glucoamylase (Dextrozyme 1.5×, Novozymes) to obtain the desired dextrose conversion in 7 hours (represented as percentage of starch converted to dextrose by weight). Approximately 60% of the flow from the saccharification tank was fed into the first fermentor (Ferm1), while 40% was directed into a second fermentor (Ferm2). Sterilized light steep water (sLSW, consisting of raw light steep water, backset, and scrubber water) was fed into Ferm1 to obtain a free amino nitrogen (FAN) target of ˜600 ppm. Stillage and scrubber water were added as diluent to allow for the system FAN and dextrose targets to be achieved with the set flow rates and retention times. Ferm1 working volume was 2.2 liters, held at 30° C., with an agitation of 100 RPM, and a residence time of 6.7 hours. Ferm1 was supplied with air at a flow rate of 0.25 volume of air per volume of media (VVM), introduced through a ring sparger in the bottom of the fermentor. Ferm1 flowed to Ferm2. Ferm2 working volume was 3.9-4.1 liters, held at 30° C., with an agitation of 100 RPM and a residence time of 8.7-9.1 hours. Ferm2 flowed to fermentor 3 (Ferm3), which had a working volume of 5.4 liters held at 30° C., with an agitation of 100 RPM, and a residence time of 11.8 hours. Ferm3 flowed to fermentor 4 (Ferm4), which had a working volume of 13.8 liters held at 30° C., with an agitation of 100 RPM, and a residence time of 30.5 hours.

Strain 1 or Strain 1-5 was grown overnight in a 250 ml erlenmeyer shake flask containing 50 mls of yeast mold (YM) broth, with agitation of 250 RPM and a temperature of 30° C. from a single colony on a PDA plate. To inoculate the continuous system using strain 1-5, broth from the overnight shake flask was added to Ferm1 to reach a starting OD₆₀₀ of 0.2, and operated as a batch (supplemented initially with 50 g/L glucose) until the carbon dioxide evolution rates (CER) reached the highest level and began trending downward, after which the flows were started to begin the continuous operation. To inoculate the continuous system using Strain 1, broth from the overnight shake flask was added to Ferm1 to reach a starting OD₆₀₀ of 0.2. Immediately after inoculation, commercial glucoamylase (Distillase SSF, Dupont) was added to Ferm1 at a rate of 0.5 g/Kg of starch (dry basis) and operated as a batch as described for Strain 1-5. For strain 1-5, no additional GA was added to the fermentation portion of the system. Once parameters had maintained set conditions, the system was allowed to continuously run for at least five days. Samples were collected twice a day for a minimum of five days and analyzed by HPLC (gram per liter) and cell dry weight. (CDW, gram per liter). The results of which are averaged and shown in the following tables.

The results of the fermentations, shown in Tables 4 through 6 demonstrate similar ethanol titers (EtOH), dextrose titers (Dx), and growth (CDW) for Strain 1-5 relative to Strain 1, yet Strain 1-5 produces less glycerol.

TABLE 4 Levels of relevant metabolites in each stage of continuous fermentation for Strain 1 (67% +/− 5% dextrose saccharification material) Ferm1 Ferm2 Ferm3 Ferm4 Dx (g/L) 71.4 +/− 11.9 74.5 +/− 17.7 45.1 +/− 21.4  6.0 +/− 3.99 EtOH (g/L) 46.4 +/− 2.29 67.2 +/− 8.83 95.0 +/− 2.00 127.0 +/− 7.73  Glycerol  6.1 +/− 0.56  7.3 +/− 0.74  8.8 +/− 0.59 10.2 +/− 0.47 (g/L) CDW (g/L) 6.8 +/− 1.8 7.9 +/− 3.0 8.9 +/− 2.1 7.3 +/− 1.8

TABLE 5 Levels of relevant metabolites in each stage of continuous fermentation for Strain 1-5 (62% +/− 0.5% dextrose saccharification material) Ferm1 Ferm2 Ferm3 Ferm4 Dx (g/L) 77.2 +/− 3.00 97.3 +/− 2.61 65.9 +/− 2.62 21.0 +/− 1.91 EtOH (g/L) 47.3 +/− 1.00 67.3 +/− 0.81 100.3 +/− 0.81  131.8 +/− 1.08  Glycerol (g/L)  4.4 +/− 0.15  6.0 +/− 0.20  5.7 +/− 0.21  8.8 +/− 0.21 CDW (g/L) 9.0 +/− 1.8 8.9 +/− 0.7 9.0 +/− 0.7 7.8 +/− 1.0

TABLE 6 Levels of relevant metabolites in each stage of continuous fermentation for Strain 1-5 (45% +/− 2% dextrose saccharification material) Ferm1 Ferm2 Ferm3 Ferm4 Dx (g/L) 28.9 +/− 2.17 54.1 +/− 3.61 38.1 +/− 4.45 5.1 +/− 2.57 EtOH (g/L) 50.1 +/− 1.73 69.4 +/− 3.01 101.4 +/− 3.39  132.2 +/− 1.30  Glycerol (g/L)  3.1 +/− 0.15  4.6 +/− 0.24  5.7 +/− 0.21 6.6 +/− 0.34 CDW (g/L) 9.2 +/− 1.3 9.5 +/− 0.7 9.8 +/− 0.4 7.9 +/− 0.6  

1-52. (canceled)
 53. An engineered host cell comprising at least first, second, third, and fourth exogenous nucleic acids each comprising a sequence encoding a common heterologous glucoamylase polypeptide, or encoding two or more different heterologous glucoamylase polypeptides having 90% or greater sequence identity to each other, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth exogenous nucleic acids have nucleic acid sequences that are different from one another.
 54. The host cell of claim 53, wherein the heterologous glucoamylase polypeptide(s) is from a yeast or fungal organism selected from the group consisting of Amorphotheca resinae, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus kawachii, Aspergillus shirousami, Blastobotrys adeninivorans, Candida albicans, Rhizopus oryzae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and Saccharomycopsis fibuligera.
 55. The host cell of claim 53, wherein the heterologous glucoamylase polypeptide(s) is an enzymatically active portion of a glucoamylase polypeptide from Saccharomycopsis fibuligera.
 56. The host cell of claim 53, wherein the glucoamylase polypeptide(s) has 95% or greater, 96% or greater, 97% or greater, 98% or greater, or 99% or greater sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:
 11. 57. The host cell of claim 53, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth exogenous nucleic acids encode two or more different glucoamylase polypeptides having 95% or greater, 96% or greater, 97% or greater, 98% or greater, or 99% or greater sequence identity to each other.
 58. The host cell of claim 53, wherein the host cell is a yeast is selected from the group consisting of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Isaatchenkia orientalis, Candida utilis, Pichia Stipitis, Yarrowia lipolytica, Kluyveromyces marxiannus, and Kluyeromyces lactis.
 59. The host cell of claim 53, wherein the host cell can be used to make a bioproduct selected from the group consisting of alcohols, diols, polyols, fatty acids, monacyl glycerides, diacyl glycerides, triacyl glycerides, sweeteners, sophorolipids, and mixtures thereof.
 60. The host cell of claim 53, wherein the host cell can be used to make ethanol.
 61. The host cell of claim 53, wherein the host cell can be used to make an organic acid or an amino acid.
 62. The host cell of claim 53, wherein the host cell can be used to make lactic acid.
 63. An engineered host cell comprising two or more exogenous nucleic acids each comprising a sequence encoding a common heterologous glucoamylase polypeptide, or encoding two or more different glucoamylase polypeptides having 90% or greater sequence identity to each other, wherein the two or more exogenous nucleic acids have nucleic acid sequences that are different from one another.
 64. The host cell of claim 63, wherein the heterologous glucoamylase polypeptide(s) is from a yeast or fungal organism selected from the group consisting of Amorphotheca resinae, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus kawachii, Aspergillus shirousami, Blastobotrys adeninivorans, Candida albicans, Rhizopus oryzae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and Saccharomycopsis fibuligera.
 65. The host cell of claim 63, wherein the heterologous glucoamylase polypeptide(s) is an enzymatically active portion of a glucoamylase polypeptide from Saccharomycopsis fibuligera.
 66. The host cell of claim 63, wherein the glucoamylase polypeptide(s) has 95% or greater, 96% or greater, 97% or greater, 98% or greater, or 99% or greater sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:
 11. 67. The host cell of claim 63, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth exogenous nucleic acids encode two or more different glucoamylase polypeptides having 95% or greater, 96% or greater, 97% or greater, 98% or greater, or 99% or greater sequence identity to each other.
 68. The host cell of claim 63, wherein the host cell is a yeast is selected from the group consisting of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Isaatchenkia orientalis, Candida utilis, Pichia Stipitis, Yarrowia lipolytica, Kluyveromyces marxiannus, and Kluyeromyces lactis.
 69. The host cell of claim 63, wherein the host cell can be used to make a bioproduct selected from the group consisting of alcohols, diols, polyols, fatty acids, monacyl glycerides, diacyl glycerides, triacyl glycerides, sweeteners, sophorolipids, and mixtures thereof.
 70. The host cell of claim 63, wherein the host cell can be used to make ethanol.
 71. The host cell of claim 63, wherein the host cell can be used to make an organic acid or an amino acid.
 72. The host cell of claim 63, wherein the host cell can be used to make lactic acid. 